1. SC430 Molecular Cell Biology
Welcome to Our Last Seminar - Unit 9
Tonight we will discuss
Cancer, cancer treatment and prevention
I will be available at AIM:KaplanHallPogar before and throughout the seminar if you have any questions or issues.
We will begin promptly at 8:00pmET

2. Unit Review Final Project Due
Remember it is not a term paper on an infectious disease
Review gradebook and submit any late work
Unit 10 Final Exam

3. Cancer Tonight Cancer and the effects on the immune system
How do these topics play a role
Metastasis
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Radiation

4. What Is Cancer? Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer .
NCI Web site: 4

5. Some viruses or bacteria
What Causes Cancer?
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Some viruses or bacteria
Some chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
NCI Web site: 5

6. Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors?
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Heredity? Behaviors? Other Factors?
Colon Cancer (Number of new cases per 100,000 people)
Stomach Cancer
(Number of new cases per 100,000 people)
100 50 5
100 70 7
Japan
Japanese families in U.S.
U.S.
Japan
Japanese families in U.S.
U.S.
NCI Web site: 6

7. Population-Based Studies
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Regions of Highest Incidence
U.K.:
Lung
cancer
JAPAN:
Stomach
cancer
CANADA:
Leukemia
U.S.: Colon
cancer
CHINA:
Liver
cancer
BRAZIL:
Cervical
cancer
AUSTRALIA:
Skin
cancer
NCI Web site: 7

8. Cell division is the process through which a cell copies itself
Cancer begins when the a cell divides although it should not
Unregulated cell division leads to a tumor, a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body

9. Different Kinds of Cancer
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Different Kinds of Cancer
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
Lung
Breast (women)
Colon
Bladder
Prostate (men)
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes .
Some common sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
NCI Web site: 9

10. Benign tumors do not affect surrounding structures
Malignant tumors invade surrounding structures and are cancerous
Malignant tumors can break away and start new cancers elsewhere through the process of metastasis

11. Loss of Normal Growth Control
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Normal cell division
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage— no repair
Cancer cell division
Cancer arises from a loss of normal growth control. In normal tissues, the rates of new cell growth and old cell death are kept in balance. In cancer, this balance is disrupted. This disruption can result from uncontrolled cell growth or loss of a cell’s ability to undergo cell suicide by a process called“apoptosis.” Apoptosis, or “cell suicide,” is the mechanism by which old or damaged cells normally self-destruct.
First mutation
Second mutation
Third mutation
Fourth or later mutation
Uncontrolled growth
NCI Web site: 11

12. Malignant versus Benign Tumors
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Time
NCI Web site: 12

13. Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Time
Mutation inactivates suppressor gene
Cells proliferate
Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes
Proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes
More mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease
NCI Web site: 13

14. Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms
Earlier detection and treatment of cancer greatly increase the odds of survival.
Early Cancer May Not Have Any Symptoms
Therefore, knowing the warning signs of cancer is important to health

15. Biopsy = the surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis

16. Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Biopsy
Pathology
Proteomic profile
To diagnose the presence of cancer, a doctor must look at a sample of the affected tissue under the microscope. Hence, when preliminary symptoms, Pap test, mammogram, PSA test, FOBT, or colonoscopy indicate the possible existence of cancer, a doctor must then perform a biopsy, which is the surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination. (For leukemias, a small blood sample serves the same purpose.) This microscopic examination will tell the doctor whether a tumor is actually present and, if so, whether it is malignant (i.e., cancer) or benign. In addition, microarrays may be used to determine which genes are turned on or off in the sample, or proteomic profiles may be collected for an analysis of protein activity. This information will help doctors to make a more accurate diagnosis and may even help to inform treatment planning.
Patient’s tissue sample or blood sample
Genomic profile
NCI Web site: 16

17. Chemicals that kill dividing cells are injected into the bloodstream during chemotherapy
High energy particles damage DNA in radiation therapy, so cells don’t divide 17

18. Biological therapy or Immunotherapy
Biological therapies use the body's immune system
to fight cancer
to lessen the side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments
Immune system may recognize the difference between healthy cells and cancer cells
Attack cancer cells just like bacteria or virus
Antibodies, cytokines, and other immune system substances can be produced in the laboratory for use in cancer treatment
More information at:

19. Biological therapies may be used to:
Stop, control, or suppress processes that permit cancer growth.
Make cancer cells more recognizable and, therefore, more susceptible to destruction by the immune system.
Boost the killing power of immune system cells
Block or reverse the process that changes a normal cell or a precancerous cell into a cancerous cell.
Enhance the body's ability to repair or replace normal cells damaged or destroyed by other forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation.
Prevent cancer cells from spreading to other parts of the body.

20. Cancer Prevention Carcinogenic chemicals Carcinogenic radiation
National Cancer Institute
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding Cancer
Cancer Prevention
Carcinogenic chemicals
Carcinogenic radiation
Cancer viruses or bacteria
NCI Web site: 20