 Organic compounds › compounds of living organisms › All contain Carbon atoms  Has 4 available electrons  Allows for great variety of compounds  Rings  Chains  branches

 Forms strong covalent bonds  Single  Double  triple

 A cluster of atoms that influence or control the molecule they are a part of and who they react withcluster of atoms › Hydroxyl (OH) – part of all alcohols (carbohydrates) and lipids › Carboxyl (COOH) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins, also part of lipids › Amine (NH 2 ) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins › Phosphates – (PO 4 ) – found in nucleic acids, and sugars (carbohydrates)

 Monomer – small simple molecules  Polymers - repeated monomers

› Condensation reactions : at H on one monomer and OH on another monomer Condensation reactions › Hydrolysis – breaks monomers apart

 Carbohydrates – acquire energy from the sun  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the energy that most organisms use that comes from carbohydrates › Becomes ADP when energy is released to the cell

 Carbohydrates  Proteins  Lipids  Nucleic Acids

 Organic molecules  Made of CHO  Source of immediate energy  Sugars and starches  Found in pasta, breads, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, etc.  Monosaccharide has 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O

 Glucose is the simplest sugar- that provides energy for cells  Most common: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), galactose › Isomers – same formula but different shape  Glucose  fructose

 Disaccharides › 2 sugars bonded together  Sucrose (table sugar)= fructose +glucose  Lactose (milk sugar) =glucose + galactose

 Polysaccharide › Chains of sugars bonded together (aka complex carbohydrate) – up to 1000’s of monomers ›.

› Glycogen – stored polysaccharides in the liver › Starch – stored polysaccharides in plants › Cellulose – polysaccharide also made by plants –makes up 50% of wood. We can’t digest it, but some bacteria can

 Organic compound  Made of CHON

 Monomer is called an amino acid  Polymer is amino acids bonded to each other › Peptide bonds created by condensation Peptide bonds .

 Amino acid composed of › Amine › Carboxyl group › R group (unique to each amino acid) › H atom  Proteins are polypeptides  20 naturally occurring amino acids

 Functions › Movement – muscle compounds are protein › Structure – forms connective fibers

› Functions, con’t  Transport – hemoglobin transports oxygen  Storage – casein in milk stores amino acids for babies

› Functions, con’t  Regulation – some hormones – insulin

 Functions, con’t  Defense – antibodies are proteins

 Functions, con’t  Biochemical control – enzymes  Proteins that speed up reactions  Substrate – what the enzyme is acting upon- substance being changed  Active site – where the enzyme binds and where change takes place

 Nonpolar organic molecule  Composed of CHO – no ratio, some P  Store lots of energy  Types › Fatty Acids- most abundant  Hydrophilic end (water loving)  Hydrophobic end (water hating)

 Can be saturated –  all C-C single bonds  holds all the H possible  Not healthy  Unsaturated  some C=C double bonds  More H could be added  More healthy fat

› Triglyceridesriglycerides  3 fatty acids attached to glycerol  Saturated : butter and animal fat, solid at room temp  Unsaturated: plant seeds, soft and liquid at room temp › Phospholipids  Found in cell membranes (lipid bi-layer) Found in cell membranes  2 fatty acids attached to glycerol

› Waxes  Long fatty acid attached to long alcohol  Waterproof plants, and protects surfaces of living organisms

› Steroids  4 fused carbon rings  Many hormones  Testosterone  cholesterol

 VERY large molecules  Two kinds › DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid DNA  Contain hereditary information › RNA- ribonucleic acid  Transfers DNA information to make proteins  Some act as enzymes

 Complex molecule containing nucleotides › Sugars  DNA – deoxy-ribose sugar (5 carbon)  RNA – ribose sugar (5 carbon) › Phosphates › Nitrogen bases  DNA  Adenine  Thymine  Cytosine  Guanine  RNA  Cytosine  Guanine  Adenine  Urasil