1. Biological Macromolecules Notes
Molecules necessary for every living thing on Earth to survive.
They are all organic – contain Carbon (C)

2. How do they bond together?
Dehydration synthesis – process in wincha a water molecule (H2O) is removed so that bonding can take place.
Hydrolysis – process where a molecule splits into smaller molecules and gains a water molecule (H2O).

3. Carbohydrates

4. Carbohydrates Sugars and starches are in a ring shape.
Made of C-H-O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
One single monomer is called a monosaccharide, ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
Two monomers are called a disaccharide, ex. Sucrose (C12H24O12)
Three or more monomers are called a polysaccharide (starches):
Glycogen – stored in animals
Cellulose – stored in plants

5. Carbohydrates
The process of changing monomers together into polymers is called polymerization.
With carbs it is done through dehydration synthesis.
Carbs provide all animal energy!
Examples: corn, potatoes, pasta, bread, candy, etc.

6. Lipids

7. Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes.
Made of C-H-O in the formation of a chain with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

8. Lipids This group is a phospholipids.
Two lipids back their fatty acids up and form the bilayer making up the membrane covering of cells.
They create a waterproof covering.
Lipids store energy in layers.
Examples: Butter, vegetable oil, animal fat.

9. Lipids There are two types of lipids:
Saturated fat which is solid at room temperature and made of a single C-C bond.
Unsaturated fat which is liquid a room temperature and contains at least one double C=C bond.

10. Protein
NH COOH

11. Protein Made of C-H-O-N chained together by polypeptide bonds.
Each section is an amino acid; when chained together they make 1 protein.
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids that build all proteins.
Each protein structure is identified in groups.
Amino Group (NH2)
Carboxyl Group (COOH)]
R Group – variable that determines the protein.

12. Proteins
Proteins build muscle tissue, regulate cell process and are the source for catalyst reactions.
Chaining amino acids together is called protein synthesis and is performed in RNA.
Ex.: Glycoproteins, Insulin, Testosterone, and Estrogen

13. Nucleic Acid

14. Nucleic Acids
Made of C-H-O-N-P in units called nucleotides containing a P(phosphate) group, a S(sugar) group, and an N(nitrogen base) group.
The type of sugar determines DNA (deoxyribose – double strand) or RNA (ribose – single strand).

15. Nucleic Acids DNA nitrogen bases are paired up: Adenine with Thymine
Guanine with Cytosine
RNA bases are the same EXCEPT Thymine is REPLACED by Uracil.
DNA carries all genetic material for inheritance.
RNA cause protein synthesis that makes protein chains.
ATP is adenosine triphosphate – pure energy formed during cellular respiration for body usage and movement.