2. 4 Lesson 4.1: Bone as a Living Tissue Lesson 4.2: The Axial Skeleton Lesson 4.3: The Appendicular Skeleton Lesson 4.4: Joints Lesson 4.5: Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System The Skeletal System

3. Lesson 4.1 Bone as a Living Tissue Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. functions of the skeletal system structures and classifications of bones growth and development of bones remodeling of bones Bone as a Living Tissue

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. support –body framework protection –surround organs movement –muscles pull bones storage –minerals blood cell formation –red bone marrow in medullary cavity Functions of the Skeletal System

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. composition of bones –osteocytes – mature bone cells organization of bones –Cortical bone tissue –Trabecular tissue Structures and Classifications of Bones

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cortical BoneTrabecular Bone StructureDensePorous (honeycomb) Mineral contentRelatively highRelatively low StrengthRelatively highlow FlexibilityLowRelatively more Shock-absorbing abilityLowRelatively more Primary locationsOuter surface of all bones, long bones of limbs Interior of vertebrae, femoral neck, wrist, and ankle bones Properties of the Two Types of Bone Tissue

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. long short flat irregular Shape Categories of Bones

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Long Bones –Shaft made of cortical bone –Bulbous knobs of trabecular bone encased in cortical bone at both ends –Medullary cavity enclosed within shaft –Ex: bones of arms and legs Shape Categories of Bones

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Short bones –Shaped like a cube –Composed mainly of trabecular bone –Ex: Bones of wrist and ankle Shape Categories of Bones

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Flat Bones –Thin with relatively large surface area –2 layers of cortical bone with layer of trabecular bone in between. –Protect underlying organs –Provide large areas for muscle attachment –Ex: scapula and bones of the skull Shape Categories of Bones

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Irregular bones –Individualized shape –Ex: bones of spinal column and hip girdle Shape Categories of Bones

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Diaphysis –Hollow shaft of bone made of cortical bone tissue –Surrounded by periosteum Fibrous connective tissue membrane Contains blood, lymph vessels, and nerves Involved with bone growth, repair, and nutrition Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Medullary canal or cavity –Filled with yellow bone marrow –Rich supply of blood vessels –Storehouse of fat –Lined by the endosteum Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Epiphysis –Bulbous ends –Composed of trabecular bone tissue –Contains red bone marrow Forms RBC (erythrocytes) and some WBC (leukocytes) –Surrounded by articular cartilage Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Microscopic Structure –Haversian canals Major passageways running lengthwise Provides paths for blood vessels Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. –Lacunae Tiny cavities laid out in concentric circles around Haversian canals Contain osteocytes

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. –Osteon or Haversian system Includes a single haversian canal along with multiple canaliculi Canaliculi are sideways canals than join lucunae –Transportation matrix for nutrient supply and waste disposal Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. –Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals Large canals that run sideways or perpendicular to Haversian canals Connect Haversian canals Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Anatomical Structure of Long Bones

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. osteoblasts –build bone tissue osteoclasts –break down bone tissue bone formation –ossification Growth and Development of Bones

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Ossification (due to osteoblasts) –Immature bone formation and growth Embryo skeleton is made of flexible hyaline cartilage Cartilage is replaced by bone during fetal development 2 phases –Bone matrix shell covers hyaline cartilage (osteoblasts) –Hyaline cartilage is resorbed (osteoclasts) »Creates medullary cavity Growth and Development of Bones

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. longitudinal growth –epiphyseal plate Located close to ends of long bones Osteoblasts on the central side of plate produce new bone cells during childhood. Plates dissolve and bone on either side fuse during adolescence (epiphyseal line) Growth and Development of Bones

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. circumferential growth –change in diameter occurs throughout most of life –Osteoblasts in the internal layer of the periosteum build layers of new bone on top of existing layers –Osteoclasts resorb layers of bone inside medullary cavity Diameter of the cavity enlarges Growth and Development of Bones

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. adult bone development –aging causes loss of bone mass Loss of collagen –Bones become brittle Loss of bone minerals –Mineral content in women peak at 25 – 28 yrs –Mineral content of men peak at 30 – 35 yrs –More problematic in women than men Women have smaller bones Growth and Development of Bones

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. hypertrophy of bones –stronger bones –Results from bones being subjected to forces Physical activity trigger osteoblasts to build bone Growth at site of force application –where muscles attach Physically active people and heavier people have greater bone mass and density –Bone accounts for 15% of body weight Remodeling of Bones

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. atrophy of bones –weaker bones Loss of bone mineral density –Cause by reduced forces Bed ridden individuals Elite swimmers astronauts Remodeling of Bones

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: flat, osteocytes, osteoblasts, storage. 1. build bone tissue 2. one example of bone shape 3. a function of the skeletal system 4. mature bone cells Review and Assessment

30. Lesson 4.2 The Axial Skeleton Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the skull the vertebral column the thoracic cage The Axial Skeleton

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Axial Skeleton

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the cranium –surround the brain the facial bones –protect the front of the head (including eyes) –gives our face shape –allows chewing of food The Skull

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 8 bones (some paired) –frontal bone Forms forehead –parietal bones (2) Majority of top and sides of skull –temporal bones (2) Surrounds ears –occipital bones Base and lower back portion of the skull The Cranium

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 8 bones continued… –ethmoid bone Forms part of the nasal septum –sphenoid bone Butterfly shaped Supports part of the base of the brain and eye orbits Connected to all other bones of the skull The Cranium

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sutures –Immoveable joints that join skull bones –4 major sutures Sagittal suture –Joins the 2 parietal bones Coronal suture –Joins the 2 parietal bones to the frontal bone Squamous suture –Joins temporal and parietal bones Lambdoid suture –Joins occipital and parietal bones The Cranium

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38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Infant –Big heads relative to their bodies –¼ of body height Adult skull is 1/8 of body height –Small face –Sutures composed of soft connective tissue that will ossify in early childhood –Fontanel Openings in skull made of soft connective tissue where several skull bones meet Allows for compression of skull during birth Allows for brain growth Ossify by 22 – 24 months Infant Vs Adult Skull

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 14 bones –maxillary bones (2) Upper jaw Connects to all other facial bones except mandible –palatine bones (2) Posterior part of the hard palate (roof of mouth) –zygomatic bones (2) Cheekbones Forms much of the sides of the orbit –lacrimal bones (2) Connects to the orbits and surrounding tear ducts The Facial Bones

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Continued… –nasal bones (2) Forms bridge of nose –vomer Nasal septum –inferior concha bones (2) Sides of nasal cavity –mandible Lower jaw Largest facial bone Only movable facial bone The Facial Bones

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Cranial and Facial Bones

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. regions of the spine –cervical –thoracic –lumbar –sacrum –coccyx curves of the spine –cervical curve –thoracic curve –lumbar curve –sacral curve The Vertebral Column

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cervical region (neck) –Upper 7 vertebrae –Atlas First vertebrae Connects to occipital bone of skull Allows “yes” nodding –Axis Second cervical vertebrae Upward projection called the odontoid process that the atlas rotates Allows “no” nodding The Vertebral Column

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45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Thoracic region –12 vertebrae –Connect with ribs Lumbar region (lower back) –5 vertebrae Sacrum –5 fused vertebrae –Forms posterior of pelvic girdle Coccyx (tailbone) –4 bused vertebrae The Vertebral Column

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the vertebral body –Anterior portion –Thick disc-shaped portion that bears weight the vertebral arch –Round projection of bone on posterior side –Surrounds vertebral foramen Structures of the Vertebrae

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the transverse processes –Bony projections on the lateral sides of vertebral arch the spinous process –Bony projection that extends posteriorly the superior and inferior articular processes –Indentations or facets where a vertebrae articulates with the vertebrae immediately above and below (facet joints) ***Progressive increase in vertebral size from the cervical region through lumbar region Structures of the Vertebrae

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Structures of the Vertebrae

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cervical and lumbar curves –Posteriorly concave Thoracic, sacrum, and coccyx curves –Anteriorly concave Alternating curves make spine stronger and better able to resist injury The Spinal Curves

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Primary spinal curves –Present at birth –Include thoracic and sacral curves Secondary spinal curves –Develops after baby begins to raise the head, sit, and stand Shifts body weight to the spine –Include lumbar and cervical curves The Spinal Curves

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Genetic or congenital abnormalities Spine habitually subjected to asymmetrical forces Lordosis –Exaggeration of lumbar curve Kyphosis –Accentuation of thoracic curve Scoliosis –Any lateral deviation of spine Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. located between vertebrae Made of fibrocartilage shock absorbers allow flexibility ***interesting note… Thickness of disc accounts for ¼ of the height of spine. As your spine bears weight all day, the vertebrae are forced closer together. You are up to ¾ of an inch taller in the mornings when you first get out of bed The Intervertebral Discs

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sternum –Manubrium Articulates with clavicle and 1 st and 2 nd rib –body of the sternum –xiphoid process ribs –7 pairs of true ribs Attach directly to sternum –3 pairs false ribs Cartilaginous attachments to the cartilage of the 7 th rib –2 pairs of floating ribs Do not attach to bone or cartilage The Thoracic Cage

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. All ribs are true ribs. 2. The facial bones surround the brain. 3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium. 4. There are 4 regions in the spine. 5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility. Review and Assessment

55. Lesson 4.3 The Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Includes body appendages Built for motion Appendicular skeleton

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the shoulder complex –scapula –clavicle the arm –humerus –radius –ulna The Upper Extremity

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the wrist and hand –carpals (8) –metacarpals (5) –phalanges (14) The Upper Extremity

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the pelvic girdle –ilium –ischium –pubis the leg –femur –tibia –fibula –patella The Lower Extremity

60. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the ankle and foot –tarsals (7) –metatarsals (5) –phalanges (14) The Lower Extremity

61. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex, humerus, or pelvic girdle. 1. The proximal bone of the arm is the _______________. 2. The tarsals are found in the _______________. 3. The scapula and clavicle make up the _______________. 4. The ilium is part of the _______________. Review and Assessment

62. Lesson 4.4 Joints Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

63. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. immovable joints –synarthroses slightly movable joints –amphiarthroses freely movable joints –diarthroses Categories of Joints

64. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Synarthroses Sutures –Irregularly grooved bone sheets joined closely and tightly by bone fibrous tissue. Begins to ossify in early adulthood; eventually completely bone –skull Syndesmoses (held by bands) –Extremely limited movement –coracoacromial joint –distal tibiofibular joint Immovable Joints

65. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Amphiarthroses Synchondroses (held by cartilage) –Articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage –sternocostal joint –epiphyseal plates Symphyses –Thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from bones –vertebral joints –pubic symphysis Slightly Movable Joints

66. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Freely Movable Joints Diarthroses AKA: synovial joints Surrounded by articular capsule with a synovial membrane lining that secretes synovial fluid

67. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Articulating bone surfaces are flat Only gliding movement permitted Ex: Intercarpal joints Gliding joint

68. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. One articulating bone surface is convex and the other is concave Strong ligaments restrict movement to a planar, hingelike motion Ex humeroulnar Hinge joints

69. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permit rotation around only 1 axis Ex. radioulnar Pivot joints

70. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. One articulating bone surface is an oval, convex shape; the other has a concave surface Large range of movement permitted Ex. metacarpophalangeal Condyloid joint

71. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Both bone surfaces are shaped like the seat of a saddle Greater range of movement than condyloid Ex trapeziometacarpal Saddle joint

72. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Most freely movable Surface of bones are reciprocally convex and concave Ex humeroscapular Ball and socket joints

73. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bursae –Small capsules lined with synovial membranes and filled with synovial fluid –Cushion structures it separates Usually separates tendons from bones (reduces friction) tendon sheaths –Double-layered synovial structures surrounding tendons close to bones –Secrete synovial fluid –Long tendons crossing wrist and finger joints are protected by tendon sheaths Freely Movable Joint Structures

74. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. articular tissues –articular fibrocartilage Disc called meniscus –intervertebral discs –menisci of the knee Help to distribute forces evenly and absorb shock –Tendons Connects muscle to bones –Ligaments Connect bone to bone Freely Movable Joint Structures

75. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

76. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

77. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: skull, diarthroses, amphiarthroses, synarthroses. 1. immovable joint 2. slightly movable joint 3. freely movable joint 4. sutures Review and Assessment

78. Lesson 4.5 Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System Chapter 4: The Skeletal System

79. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. common bone injuries osteoporosis common joint injuries arthritis Common Injuries and Disorders of the Skeletal System

80. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A break or crack in a bone Classified as: –Simple –Compound – one or both bone ends protrude through skin greenstick stress comminuted Spiral Avulsions – fractures caused when a tendon ligament pulls away from the bone, taking a small chip of bone with it Fractures

81. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Include injuries to the: –epiphyseal plate –articular cartilage –Apophysis – site where tendon attaches to bone Damage to the growth plate can result in premature closure of the epiphyseal junction and terminate bone growth Epiphyseal Injuries

82. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. A condition in which bone mineralization and strength are so abnormally low that regular, daily activities can result in painful fractures. age-related osteoporosis –Condition begins with osteopenia (reduced bone mass) the female athlete triad –disordered eating –amenorrhea –osteoporosis Osteoporosis

83. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sprains –torn ligament or tendon dislocations –bone displaced from socket bursitis –inflammation of bursae Common Joint Injuries

84. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Common pathology associated with aging Joint inflammation accompanied by pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling. rheumatoid arthritis –immune system attacks joints –Most debilitating and painful form Osteoarthritis –degeneration of articular cartilage –Pain relieved by rest –Joint stiffness improved by activity Arthritis

85. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. A torn ligament causes a sprain. 2. Low strength bones easily break. 3. Immune system attack causes amenorrhea. 4. Greenstick is a type of fracture. 5. Bursitis is an inflammation of bursae. Review and Assessment