1. Unit 2 Language Clauses and Sentence Structure

2. What is a Clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Example: Kate noted the day’s events in her journal.

3. Clauses Continued A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. *** Most dependent clauses are introduced by words like although, before, because, so that, when, while, so, and that. Example: before she went to bed so she wouldn’t forget

4. Clauses A dependent clause can be joined to an independent clause to add to the complete thought that the independent clause expresses. A dependent clause can be joined to an independent clause to add to the complete thought that the independent clause expresses. Dependent clauses a.k.a subordinate clauses. Dependent clauses a.k.a subordinate clauses. Example: Kate noted the day’s events in her journal before she went to bed. Some writers keep journals so that they can remember details about events.

5. Practice- Identify each underlined group of words and independent or dependent. Write the sentences in your notebook. 1. Thirteen-year-old Kate is devoted to her horse Scarlet. 2. They won their first competition together when Kate was only nine years old. 3. While her brothers sleep, Kate slips out to the stable. 4. After feeding Scarlet, Kate brushes her coat and mane. 5. She does this so that Scarlet’s coat stays shiny.

6. Simple and Compound Sentences A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. Remember that even a simple sentence can include many details. A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. Remember that even a simple sentence can include many details. Example: Malika sings. Ben competes at chess every day after school.

7. Simple and Compound Sentences A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. The clauses in a compound sentence must be closely related. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. The clauses in a compound sentence must be closely related. Examples: Malika sings every day, and she practices with the choir. Don't mistake a simple sentence with a “compound verb” for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate. Don't mistake a simple sentence with a “compound verb” for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate.

8. Simple and Compound Sentences Independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. Independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. Examples: The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday, and the director praised their hard work. The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday; the director praised their hard work. Coordinating conjunctions: for and nor or but so yet

9. Practice- Write the sentences and identify as simple or compound. 1. Eighth-grader Max Marciano is working hard on his first mystery novel. 2. Max loves mysteries, and he has read every story about the detective Sherlock Holmes. 3. Max's older brother Tony and two friends are also fans of the famous detective. 4.Tony encourages Max with his novel. 5. Max writes a full page of text on most mornings, but sometimes he isn't inspired.

10. Practice – Combine the two sentences to make a compound sentence. Remember to use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction. 1. A typical day in physical therapy always includes swimming. It also can include bike riding. 2. Marisha works hard on her school work. She still has time for fun. 3. Together they work on exercises like sit-ups and leg lifts. They talk about Marisha's progress.

11. Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Examples: Mr. Hernandez, who is a professional storyteller, performs at many different festivals. When Mr. Hernandez performs, he enchants the audience. Young people love the way he tells stories, because he changes his voice and wears costumes.

12. Complex Sentences Most dependent clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction. A subordinating conjunction relates the dependent clause to the independent clause. Commonly used examples: After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, since, so, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while

13. Practice Come up with three of your own complex sentences and write them in your notes. We will write some on the board.

14. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Adjective clauses = a dependent clause used as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun. Example: Devon Kim is a climber who likes challenges. Adjective clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, that, which, what. Example: His hardest climb, which took him three days, was Mount Whitney.

15. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Adverb clauses = a dependent clause used as an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause might tell where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as if, because, before, than, as, even though, than, so that, while, where, when, as if, and since.

16. Examples Modifies a verb: They checked their gear before they started the climb. Modifies an adjective: They were cautious because ice made trails slippery. Modifies an adverb: Devon worries about the weather more than Andy does. *** If an adverb clause comes before the independent clause, it should be followed by a comma.

17. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Noun clauses = a dependent clause used as a noun. It can serve as a subject, a direct object, and indirect object, an object of the preposition, or a predicate noun. Example as a subject: That the dedicated actor practice her role every day surprised no one. Example as a direct object: The director determined who would design the set.

18. Noun clauses Noun clause as an indirect object The set designer gave whoever helped a bonus. Noun clause as a predicate noun A love of theater is what motivates her. Noun clause as an object of the preposition She gets great satisfaction in whatever they perform. Words that introduce noun clauses: that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever ***If you can substitute the word something or someone for a clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause.

19. Compound Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Ex: While she was fishing, Amy saw many deer, and she tried not to disturb them. Ex: Amy unhooked the salmon from the line, and she threw it back into the stream so that it could live.

20. Practice and Apply: Now, let’s take out our workbooks and do some popcorn practice! Find Unit 8 in your workbook.