1. A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence.
A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

2. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
Each independent clause has its own subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.
The soccer team traveled to Knoxville, and they won their division.
In the example above the two independent clauses are joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction and.

3. EXAMPLES OF INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
I stuffed all the envelopes, and Jessica took them to the post office.
I did all the work, but he took all the credit.
I am new at Power Point, but I like it!

4. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Words such as whom, because, what, if and until signal that the clauses that follow them are subordinate. (See 273,275,AND 325)
Subordinate clauses do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand alone.
whom he asked
because he answered
what he had heard

5. EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
The Officer whom he asked for directions was very kind.
Because he answered so politely, the man called to compliment the officer.
The Chief of Police was pleased by what he had heard.

6. USES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Subordinate clauses can be used as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.

7. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses function just as adjectives do.
Modify nouns
Modify pronouns
Adjective clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns.
This is the class that I like the best. (Essential clause)
My classes, which meet in Room 209, are all freshman classes. (Nonessential clause)
They are the ones whom I prefer to teach.

8. RELATIVE PRONOUNS whom who whose which that
These words are called relative pronouns because they relate an adjective clause to the word that the clause modifies. Besides introducing an adjective clause and relating it to another word in the sentence, the relative pronoun has a function in the adjective clause.

9. EXAMPLES OF USES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
John, who enjoys reading, won a membership to the Book of the Month club. (The relative pronoun who relates the adjective clause to John. Who is used as the subject of the adjective clause.)

10. Note
In many cases, the relative pronoun in the clause may be omitted. The pronoun is understood and still has a function in the clause.
Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative pronoun that is understood. The pronoun relates the adjective clause to salad and is used as the direct object in the adjective clause.]

11. The Adverb’s Job Adverbs tell when where why how
to what extent or degree
under what conditions

12. The Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
After I proofread my paper, I typed it. [The adverb clause After I proofread my paper tells when I typed it.]

13. Adverb Clause Continued
Because manicotti takes so long to prepare, Joy makes it only on special occasions. [Because manicotti takes so long to prepare tells why Joy makes it only on special occasions.]
You and your brother may come with us if you want to. [under what condition]

14. Adverb Clause Continued
Like adverbs, adverb clauses may also modify adjectives or adverbs.
His pitching arm is stronger today than it ever was. [stronger (adj.) to what extent the arm is stronger]
My cousin Adele reads faster than I do. [faster (adv.) how much faster my cousin Adele reads]

15. Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while
These words introduce subordinate clauses.

16. Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
A noun clause may be used as a
subject -indirect object
complement -object of a prep-
predicate nominative position
direct object

17. Examples of Noun Clauses
What Mary Anne did was brave and earned her praise from everyone. [Subject]
The winner will be whoever runs fastest. [Predicate Nominative]
She finally discovered what the answer was. [Direct Object]
The clerk should tell whoever calls the sale prices. [Indirect Object]
He checks the ID cards of whoever visits. [Object of Preposition]

18. Classification by Structure
Structure refers to the number and types of clauses in a sentence.
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-complex

19. KNOW subjects, verbs(linking /action) direct object,indirect object predicate nominative,object of preposition, noun, adverbs, adj- jectives, conjunctions, pronouns, phrases(adj.,adv.,verbals-participles, gerunds, infinitives

20. KNOW Nouns Pronouns Adjective Prepositions Predicate adjective
Subordinating conjunctions
Sentence Structure
simple, compound, compound-complex, complex
Clauses
Noun, Adjective, and
adverb
Relative Pronouns

21. Practice Sentences
A speech community is a group of people who speak the same language.
There are speech communities that contain millions of people and some that have only a few people .