1. Clauses A CLAUSE, like a phrase, is a group of related words used together as part of a sentence. Clauses, however, contain a subject and verb, whereas phrases do not. Two kinds of clauses: Independent-can stand alone as a sentence. aka- “main clause” Subordinate-cannot stand alone. aka- ”dependent clause”

2. Clauses To form a sentence, you must combine the subordinate (dependent) with an independent clause. There are three kinds of subordinating clauses: 1.Adjective 2.Adverb 3.Noun

3. Adjective Clauses used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun TELLS—what kind? or which one? MOST adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun (whose, that, which, who, whom) Usually placed immediately after the word it modifies

4. The stamps that commemorate American locomotives feature four different models. What is the adjective clause? A)feature four B)that commemorate American locomotives C)feature four different models Modifies which word? D) locomotives E) stamps

5. Snowmobiles are cars which you can ride on the snow. What is the adjective clause? A)which you can ride B)which you can ride on the snow C)can ride on the snow Which modifies? D) cars E) snowmobiles

6. The grade I received was a shock. What is the adjective clause? A)(which) was a shock B)(that) the grade C)(that) I received Modifies which word? D) grade E) shock

7. The people whose homes have been damaged will need special help. What is the adjective clause? A.Need special help B.Homes have been damaged C.Whose homes have been damaged D.There isn’t an adj. clause

8. The stereo that she bought had a tape player in it. What is the adjective clause? A.That she bought B.Had a tape player C.She bought had a tape player in it D.There isn’t one.

9. This is the bicycle that I want. What is the adjective clause? A.This is the bicycle B.The bicycle that I want C.That I want D.There isn’t one

10. Adverb clause used as an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. TELL—where, when, why, how, to what extent ______________________ most adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions—they are: Time-after, as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while Cause-because, since Comparison-as, as much as, than Condition-although, as long as, even though, provided that, unless Purpose-in order that, so that Manner-as, as if, as though Place-where, whenever

11. The sheriff posted the notice where everyone could see it. What is the adverb clause? A) could see it B) where everyone could see it C) posted the notice Which modifies? D) see E) posted

12. Your face becomes red when you get embarrassed. What is the adverb clause? A)becomes red B)when you get embarrassed C)get embarrassed Which modifies? D) face E) red

13. The cave was darker than you can imagine. What is the adverb clause? A)was darker B)than you can imagine C)can imagine Which modifies? D) darker E) cave

14. After work, we’ll go out. What is the adverb clause? A.After work B.Go out C.None

15. While Susie vacuumed the hall, Wayne made the beds. What is the adverb clause? A.Made the beds B.While Susie C.While Susie vacuumed the halls

16. Noun Clauses -function as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, and object of prepositions -Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. -Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.) Examples: I know who said that. (I know it.) Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.)

17. My question is how do I load this computer program. What is the noun clause? A)this computer program B)how do I load this computer program How is it used? C) D.O. D) I.O. E) PN

18. Give whoever comes in last a consolation prize. What is the noun clause? A)a consolation prize B)whoever comes in last How is it used? C) D.O. D) I.O. E) PN

19. Where the fugitives are remains a mystery to the police. What is the noun clause? A) remains a mystery to the police B) where the fugitives are How it is used? C) DO D) PN E) S

20. Tell us about how the Metro works in Paris. What is the noun clause? A. about how the Metro works B. Works in Paris C. how the Metro works in Paris D. Tell us about

21. Give the package to whoever opens the door. What is the noun clause? A.Give the package B.Whoever opens the door C.Opens the door

22. Sentence Structure SIMPLE: 1 independent clause + no subordinate The candidate is confident. COMPOUND: 2 or more independent clauses that are joined together Everyone stopped work, and the factory became silent

23. Sentence Structure COMPLEX: 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clauses When you leave, shut the door. (shut the door can stand alone) COMPOUND-COMPLEX: 2 more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. When the ice melted, heavy rains began, and the streets flooded.

24. All of the children and their parents enjoyed the show. A.Simple B.Compound C.Complex D.Compound- Complex

25. Occasionally I find someone who does not like my jokes, but everything changes when I tell him my motto. A.Simple B.Compound C.Complex D.Compound- Complex

26. After we got on the bus, we realized that we didn’t have enough money for our fares. A.Simple B.Compound C.Complex D.Compound- Complex

27. Did you sleep though the storm; I hope that you will call me. A.Simple B.Compound C.Complex D.Compound- Complex