1. The Wars of Religion
Ch. 15: War and Crisis

2. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559)
1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the wars
France prevented HRE from taking all of Germany
Political motive to keep Germany weak over religious issue of Lutheranism
Spain took control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan and influence over Papal States and Tuscany during its Golden Age (16th C.)

3.
Issues:
Spain seeking to crush Protestantism in western Europe and Islam in Mediterranean
French Catholics trying to stop Huguenots
HRE trying to re-impose Catholicism in Germany
Calvinist Netherlands trying to break away from Spain
England: Civil War between Puritans and Anglicans

4. I. Spain under Phillip II (1556-1598)
Son of HRE Charles V
Controlled the Netherlands, southern Italy, and the Americas
Ruled during “Golden Age”
Sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe
Built new palace: El Escorial in Madrid. Both a monastery and a palace. Part of Counter-Reformation and built with New World gold
European territories under the rule of the Spanish King around 1580 (the Spanish Netherlands in light green) on a map showing Modern-Day State borders.

5. Battle of Lepanto, 1571
Led by Don John of Austria (bastard son of Charles V) to halt Turkish advance into Europe
Defeat of Turkish navy off coast of Greece, Ionian Sea
Holy League (mainly Spanish & Italian) forces under the pope rid threat of Islamic control of the Mediterranean
Considered the turning point in preserving “Christian” Europe
Victors of Lepanto
Naval Battle – unknown artist 16th C.

6. The Dutch Revolt: Spain vs. Netherlands
William of Orange ( ) led 17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition
Formation of the Dutch Republic in 1581
Aided by Elizabeth I
Spanish Netherlands (Belgium today) remained under Spanish control
Dutch closing of the Scheldt River led to shift from Antwerp to Amsterdam as Europe’s commercial center
The 17 Provinces of the Netherlands prior to the Dutch Rebellion.

7. Spain vs. England: Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
Mary I widower, Phillip II wanted to rule England
Elizabeth I refusal to marry him and her aid of the Netherlands’ independence movement fueled his invasion
Smaller, but better trained English navy combined with storm in English Channel led to crushing victory over “unbeatable” Spanish Armada
Signaled rise of England as naval power
Speech at Tilbury

8. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
“I know I have the body of a weak and feeble women, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England, too; and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm.”
The Armada Portrait

9. II. French Wars of Religion (at least 9 from 1562-1598)
After the death of Henry II (1559) a power struggle between three noble families for throne: Valois, Bourbon, and Guise
Valois: from weak monarchs due to illness or underage but provided continuity under Queen Mother Catherine de Medici. Catholic, but moderate and humanistic.
Bourbons: Huguenots (French Calvinists) accounted for more than half nobility. Bourbons next in line if no Valois heir.
Guise: aggressive “Super-Catholics.” Massacred Huguenots in 1562 setting off religious wars

10. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
Murder of Huguenot leader by Duke of Guise under claim of preventing a coup
August 24, St. Bartholomew’s Day, murders and mutilations of thousands of Huguenots began in Paris and throughout French cities, lasting for days
Phillip II and Pope Gregory XIII (who blessed the massacre) rejoiced that a Protestant coup had failed
Protestant countries refused to accept Gregorian calendar as a result of this (and Spanish Armada) resulting in use of both Julian and Gregorian calendars throughout Europe

11. War of the Three Henry’s
Henry III (Valois)
Henry of Navarre (Bourbon cousin – a Huguenot)
Henry, Duke of Guise (militant leader of the Catholic League) – killed by Henry III, who was then assassinated
Set off war between Henry of Navarre and Catholic League
Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism “Paris vaut bien une messe” and becomes Henry IV
Henry III Henry of Navarre Duke of Guise
“Paris is worth a mass”

12. Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) r. 1589-1610
First Bourbon king
One of most important in French history
Practical politician rather than ideological
Reign ended French civil wars and moved France towards absolutism
Expanded use of the paulette
Privately remained Calvinist
Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic
Throne passes to son, Louis XIII
Edict of Nantes, 1589
Established freedom of religion
Permitted Huguenots right to worship privately only
Not allowed to worship in Paris or other Catholic cities
Gave access to universities, public office, and right to maintain 200 fortified towns for self-protection
Gave more religious protection to Huguenots than any other religious minority in Europe
Paulette: made offices hereditary upon payment of annual fee

13. France under regency Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Mazarin
Chief Minister who controlled government for young King Louis XIII
Concentrated power
Abolished most of Edict of Nantes
Increased sale of offices and raised royal revenues short term
Long term depletion to pay salaries
Used intendents to collect taxes, upsetting peasant and noble alike
Regent for Louis XIV
Withheld payment of salaries
Fronde Revolts ( )
Parlement wanted constitutional monarchy and more power to approve taxation
Started under Richelieu, continued under Mazarin
Royal family fled
Mazarin used army to quell rebellion and reassert monarchy – rise of absolutism

14. III. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Most important war of the 17th century
Failure of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Gave German princes right to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism in their states
Truce lasted for 60 years until factionalism in the HRE
See separate powerpoint “Thirty Years’ War”

15. IV. English Civil War (Puritan Revolution)
Two issues prior to the Civil War:
Could the king govern without the consent of Parliament?
Would the Anglican Church adopt the Episcopal form or the Presbyterian form?
Charles I (r )
Claimed divine right, sought to rule without Parliament & English Church
1628: signed Petition of Right limiting King’s power to tax
Eleven Years’ Tyranny ( ): dissolved Parliament and ruled as absolute monarch
Raised money forcefully
“ship money” – all counties required to pay to outfit ships, not just coastal areas
Religious persecution of Puritans: main catalyst for Civil War
James I (r )
Divine Right king
Absolutist who challenged Parliament on taxes and civil liberties
Twice dissolved Parliament over taxation and free speech
Parliament had many Puritan and Presbyterian members
Defender of Anglican Church

16. Civil War,
Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads (Puritans in Parliament)
New Model Army led by Roundhead Oliver Cromwell victorious in 1649
Division between Puritans and Presbyterians
1648: Pride’s Purge-parts of New Model Army removes all non-Puritans from Parliament creating “Rump Parliament” (only 20%)
Charles I beheaded: first king in European history to be executed by own people

17. The Interregnum (1649-1660) The Commonwealth
The Protectorate ( )
A republic created; abolished monarchy and House of Lords
Cromwell becomes Lord Protector
Dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653
Denies religious freedom to Catholics and Anglicans
Allows Jews to return (exiled in 1290)
1649: Cromwell invades Ireland to quell royalist rebels
Act of Settlement (1652): land from 2/3 Catholic landlords given to Protestant English colonists
Brutal occupation: 15-20% population died
1651: Cromwell conquered Scotland
Scots supported Presbyterians

18. The Commonwealth Puritan rule Arms of Oliver Cromwell
Government used army to regulate moral behavior:
No dancing, gambling, alcohol, or prostitution allowed
Alienated English population
Cromwell’s son inherited throne but could not maintain rule

19. The Restoration, 1660-1685 Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
First political parties
Stuarts restored to monarchy in 1660 by Cavalier Parliament
Charles II returns from exile to rule; does not restore divine right of kings
1679 passage of Habeas Corpus Act under Whig Parliament
Parliament was stronger in relation to the king than ever before
Agreed to religious toleration
Succeeded by Catholic brother, James II ( )
Whigs
Initially anti-Catholic and opposed to James II
Later, wealthy middle-class and Puritans favoring Parliament and religious toleration
Classically liberal
Tories
Initially supported James II
Nobles, gentry, and Anglicans who supported monarchy over Parliament
conservatives

20. Essay Questions:
Analyze the impact that religion played in the Dutch Revolt, the French Civil Wars, the Thirty Years’ War, and the English Civil War.
Analyze the extent to which the religious policies of the following rulers were successful:
Phillip II
Elizabeth I
Henry IV
James I & Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
To what degree did religion and politics play in the Thirty Years’ War?
Analyze the impact of the Thirty Years’ War on European politics.
To what extent did the wars of religion result in the decline of the Spanish Empire?
Analyze the causes of the English Civil War and the impact of Puritan rule on English politics and society.