1. James I A foreign King in a new land.

2. Instructions Read Chapter 21 - Historiography and do Activity 21A. ANSWERS James alleged to have been coarse, extravagant, homosexual, and a drunk. Historians such as Notestein and Kenyon criticised his judgement when choosing advisors and friends. Pronounced Scots accent and awful eating habits made him unpopular at Court; said to be ignorant of how PMT worked and too lavish on his favourites.

3. Answers cont.. In hindsight, his personality defects did not cause a rebellion (like Ez) or lead to his execution (like Charles) His Scots accent wasn’t that bad - other kings couldn’t even speak English e.g. george I in 1714. Also, can’t be inarticulate AND verbose in same sentence. Much of the evidence of his flawed personality comes from one disgruntled courtier Sir Anthony Weldon (kicked out of court for writing negatively abut the Scots) Was called senile for not solving financial problems - rough call? His judgement of men WAS poor - e.g. Carr and Villiers. However, Villiers wasn’t all bad - he did some good things (rebuilt navy, arranged Spanish marriage of Prince Charles)

4. 21 B Answers Favourites were monarch’s personal companions - chosen for their charm and good looks on occasion. Ministers were royal advisers chosen for their ability only. Ez good at distinguishing btw them, James, not so much. Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset Howard’s gained influence after Carr fell due to Overbury scandal. Carr married Frances Howard (had divorced 3rd Earl of Essex on count of impotence. Overbury disapproved, Carr and Howard poisoned him. they were convicted and imprisoned in 1615.

5. 21 C answers Buckingham unpopular because; dominated royal offices; spent heavily; promoted his own family; manipulated foreign policy for personal gains; rigidly controlled clients in COmmons Buckingham reversed ENG foreign policy after returning home form shambles attempt to sort out marriage btw Charles and Spanish infanta. Eng not at war with Spain, he wanted to change that. James use of faction had developed an alliance btw his son Charles and Buckingham. SO when James died, Buckingham, next most powerful man in the kingdom was on Charles’ side.

6. James and Parliament 1604-1611 - First Parliament. 5 sessions 1604 May - July First session. Shirley’s Case - guaranteed MP’s immunity from arrest while at PMT Union of Scottish and English Crowns. James was king of both, wanted to combine them and be ‘King of Great Britain’. However, English PMT not keen and in the end James gave up - prompted Apology and Satisfaction of the Commons but never presented to James. It famously stated “prerogatives of princes may easily and do daily grow; the privileges of the subjects are for the most part at an everlasting stand”

7. James and PMT cont.. 1605-1607 Second Session Met in anti-Catholic paranoia after Gunpowder Plot was discovered. Voted 4 subsidies due to threat to security of the realm. Notes on plot from following websites. Spartacus History Learning SiteSpartacusHistory Learning Site NOTE: Important to understand that while we now associate Guy Fawkes most closely with Gunpowder plot - he was not actually the leader. Also watch mini doco on Plot and key players involved (see MacTubes) Second Session of PMT also had Bate’s Case - affirmed Crown’s right to collect Customs Duties to ‘regulate trade’ - this led to extension of duties = ‘New Impositions’ from 1608

8. James and PMT cont... 1610-1611 - Fourth and Fifth Sessions One subsidy voted Impositions were debated - showed political ramifications of exploiting this form of revenue. Salisbury floated Great Contract - Crown giving up feudal dues in return for annual PMT grant. It failed due to faction fighting and fact that Crown asked for too much initially - 300,000 pounds. Frustrated by continual sniping on the above matters, and at his spending on Scottish favourites, James dissolved PMT in 1611.

9. James and PMT cont.. 1614 ‘Addled’ Parliament Called ‘addled’ because it failed to pass any new laws or vote any subsidies. James had called it to get money but faction fighting ended any chance of this PMT achieving anything. James made the comment to his confidant the Spanish Ambassador Gondomar, that the Commons was a ‘body without a head’ This comment reflects James’ view of House of Commons as being stubborn - BUT also reflects his own failure to manage them properly

10. James and PMT cont... 1621 - 2 sessions Nov 1621 to Dec 1622 Issues here were religion, revival of impeachment and abuse of monopolies. Buckingham unpopular at this stage - offered Francis Bacon (famous philosopher and Lord Chancellor ) as sacrificial lamb to PMT. He also encouraged Commons anger towards James’ foreign policy in the hope that James would dissolve PMT again. Commons drew up a Protestation discussing feeling that their rights were being taken away from them - claimed their privileges were “ancient and undoubted birthright and inheritance of the subjects of England” James did not share their views and tore the Protestation out of the Commons Journal

11. James and PMT 1624 Feb 1624 - March 1625. Spanish marriage policy. Buckingham trying to marry Charles to Spanish infanta. Rebuffed, they came back to England demanding war ! Protestants and governing class enthusiastic about idea - Earl of Middlesex opposed war and was impeached by Buckingham and CHarles for corruption. James warned Charles about setting precedent of impeachment - was certainly to affect Charles later on. PMT automatically dissolved on James’ death 27 March.

12. James and Religion When James gained throne both Catholics and ‘Godly’ Protestants had raised expectations of the new king. Catholics were hopeful he would be more tolerant than Ez. Godly Protestants hoped for further reform of Anglican Church - wanted it more Protestant than under Ez. Both groups were ultimately disappointed.

13. James and the ‘Godly’ James was presented with Millenary Petition on arrival in England. Protestant authors of this wanted - end to pluralism (more than one parish); establish preaching ministry (Prots keener on sermons than Catholics); abolition of ‘Popish’ practices in church (wedding rings, surplice and cap by clergy) James did want to raise the level of education of clergy, but was reluctant to make too many other changes. Hampton Court Conference in 1604 largely an anti-climax - only new bible. Also James was a Calvinist - he accepted predestination, and while he didn’t think bishops had divine right he did think they were important in the Church. Appointment of Bancroft as ArchBish of Cant showed James view of bishops, as Bancroft definitely liked episcopacy.

14. James and the Catholics Most Catholics had reached compromise with Protestant contemporaries under Ez. They paid their recusancy fines and were loyal to the Crown on anything secular. Catholics had hoped James would end these fines but they were far too lucrative for him to do that. The climate of anti-Catholic feeling after Gunpowder plot helped James get four subsidies out of PMT. Foreign policy tied up with Crown - Catholic relations. During Spanish marriage negotiations, to the dismay of PMT.

15. ACTIVITY Write short paragraph of about 150 words outlining similarities and differences between Elizabeth’s and James’ religious policies. Both Ez and James saw the political significance of religion as being just as important as the theological significance. James’ however, was far more open to discussion regarding religion - he welcomed it often. James did not alter the basic substance of the Ez settlement of 1559, despite vigorous debate - indeed the only thin that happened at the Hampton Court Conference was the issuing of a new translation of the bible. James was personally tolerant of Catholicism - as Ez had been; indeed his wife Anne of Denmark, converted to Catholicism during his reign; but he was also happy to continue to receive money from recusancy fine. This was financially smart, and also gave him some political leverage over powerful factions like the Howards.

16. James and Finance Finance source of friction with PMT for James for most of his reign. He inherited a difficult situation - but probably made it worse with his extravagant ways. Royal household had cost £14,000 in 1600; by 1607 it was costing £21,000 -Crown debt went from £50,000 in 1600 to £160,000 in 1607. James had very competent Treasurers in Salsibury (Robert Cecil) 1603- 1611 and Cranfield 1621=23 who were both in favour of cutting spending but were unable to convince James he needed to cut down aswell! PMT became unsympathetic to pleas of royal poverty - they were unwilling to vote subsidies in peacetime - and apart from four in 1606 - after Gunpowder plot- and one in 1610, there were no more until 1621.

17. James and Finance As subsidies weren’t given anymore James had to find new ways of getting money. After Bates’s Case (1606 PMT) - a range of ‘new impositions’ were charged on goods from 1608. Boosted revenue by around £ 70,000, BUT - was very unpopular. Crown land sold - why was this only a short term measure? James unashamedly sold titles (as opposed to Elizabeth) - created title of Baronet in 1611. This also upset people - particularly who? Old peers with titles going way back.

18. james and Finance Feudal dues were exploited (particularly purveyance - Crown getting stuff cheap) but it angered the people. Response by the Crown was the idea of the Great Contract - 1610 (put forward by Salisbury - Robert Cecil) Idea was to replace feudal dues with an annual grant to the Crown based on property tax. Failed because Crown asked for way too much initially 600,000 and an annual sum of 200,000 - and also there was too much faction fighting going on for anyone to agree (anyone watching the USA debt debacle?) Plus gentry hated property taxes and generally evaded them anyway!

19. james and Monopolies There had been anger during Elizabeth’s reign about monopolies as they restricted trade rather than expanded it. By 1621 PMT was so annoyed at the Crown’s use of monopolies they impeached two of James’ courtiers who had been receiving monopolies. Then in 1624 a bill was passed in PMT that restricted the Crown’s right to grant any more monopolies. James never really managed to solve the financial problems the Crown faced

20. His extravagance may have got him some friends but it upset many MP’s who were reluctant to vote subsidies that would be spent on favourites. Impositions aroused resentment and became THE constitutional issue of the reign. The Crown’s revenue gathering was really inefficient. Only a third of the Crown’s revenue actually reached the Treasury.