2. Clauses and Sentence Structure Language Network

3. Kinds of Clauses Clauses and Sentence Structure Here’s the Idea Independent Clauses Subordinate Clauses Why It Matters Practice and Apply

4. Clause A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Here’s the Idea

5. CLAUSE Your genes carry your family’s genetic history. VERB SUBJECT Here’s the Idea

6. Clauses add details. Clauses show relationships between ideas. Here’s the Idea

7. Independent Clause An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Here’s the Idea

8. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Genes contain the code for your physical appearance. Here’s the Idea

9. Subordinate Clause A subordinate (or dependent) clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Here’s the Idea

10. Subordinate clauses are introduced by words like if, because, that, when, and since. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE because inherited genes often skip a generation Here’s the Idea

11. By itself, a subordinate clause is a sentence fragment. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE that determines your height Here’s the Idea

12. For a complete thought to be expressed, a subordinate clause must be part of a sentence that contains an independent clause. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Genes contain the code that determines your height. Genes contain the code that determines your height. Here’s the Idea

13. a subordinate clause accidentally written as a sentence. Recognizing independent and subordinate clauses will help you avoid a kind of fragment: Why It Matters

14. Identify the subordinate clauses that act as fragments. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT Clasp your hands together. As the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top. This little trait is inherited. Why It Matters

15. STUDENT MODEL To fix these fragments, join them with independent clauses. Clasp your hands together. As the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top. This little trait is inherited. DRAFT Clasp your hands together as the picture shows. Which thumb is on top? If you clasp your hands to position the other thumb on top, it feels wrong. This little trait is inherited. REVISON Why It Matters

16. Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. before television was invented1. Practice and Apply

17. Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. even though I like computers2. Practice and Apply

18. Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. that you like3. Practice and Apply

19. Join this subordinate clause with an independent clause. when you visit New York4. Practice and Apply

20. Clauses and Sentence Structure Adjective Clauses Here’s the Idea Adjective Clauses Essential Adjective Clauses Nonessential Adjective Clauses Why It Matters Practice and Apply

21. Subordinate clauses can be adjective clauses. Here’s the Idea

22. Adjective Clause An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. Here’s the Idea

23. NOUN A family is more than a group of people who are related. It was she who started our family tree. PRONOUN What does each adjective clause modify? Here’s the Idea

24. An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun or by a relative adverb. that, who, whom, whose, which where, when, why Here’s the Idea

25. An essential (or restrictive) adjective clause provides information that is necessary to identify the preceding noun or pronoun. Essential Adjective Clause Here’s the Idea

26. Someone who is your first cousin is the child of your uncle or aunt. ESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Here’s the Idea

27. A nonessential (or nonrestrictive) adjective clause adds additional information about a noun or pronoun whose meaning is already clear. Nonessential Adjective Clause Here’s the Idea

28. Irene, who is your first cousin, was married last fall. NONESSENTIAL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Here’s the Idea

29. Use commas to set off a nonessential clause. The commas separate nonessential information from the main idea of the sentence. Here’s the Idea

30. Adjective clauses can supply details necessary to explain, support, and connect your ideas. Why It Matters

31. Adjective clauses help to avoid repetition. STUDENT MODEL DRAFT The reception was held at an old hotel. The hotel looks like a castle. Why It Matters

32. Join these sentences with independent clauses. STUDENT MODEL The reception was held at an old hotel. The hotel looks like a castle. DRAFT The reception was held at an old hotel that looks like a castle. REVISON Why It Matters

33. Identify the adjective clause, along with the word or words it modifies. People first used parachutes to jump from balloons that stayed in the air. 5. Practice and Apply

34. Identify the adjective clause, along with the words it modifies. Parachutes have large surfaces that trap a lot of air. 6. Practice and Apply

35. Combine these sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause. Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier invented the hot-air balloon. They were brothers. 7. Practice and Apply

36. Combine these sentences by changing the second one into an adjective clause. The balloon was filled with hot air. The balloon was made of linen. 8. Practice and Apply