1. Chapter 19 Section 4, Chapter 20 Sections 1 & 2 – England
Unit 8
Chapter 19 Section 4, Chapter 20 Sections 1 & 2 – England
Absolute Monarchs

2. Tudors Came into power in late 1400’s
Started centralizing monarchy’s power
Tudors become ruling family after winning the ‘War of the Roses’ defeating the Lancaster's
Henry VII –First king
Made England stable and prosperous
Henry VIII –
Established new religion – Anglican Church
Edward VI –
Never married, Named Lady Jane Grey as heir.
Privy Council had her removed 9 days in
Was later executed, age 16.
Mary I – 1553

3. Tudors Mary I – 1553 - 1558 Dies in 1558, Philip II? Devoted Catholic
Daughter of Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII’s first wife, Catholic
Relative of Charles V of Spain
Protestants outraged when she married Philip II of Spain
Tried to destroy the Anglican Church
Had more than 300 people burned at stake, started rebellion
Gains nick name “Bloody Mary”
Ultimately failed to destroy Protestantism in England
Dies in 1558, Philip II?

4. Elizabeth I Was Mary I’s half sister Protestant Was a good politician
Mother was Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s 2nd wife.
Protestant
Was a good politician
Never married, had no children
Mary Queen of Scots – Next in line to Rule
Closest heir (relative) Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, and a Catholic
Came to England in 1568 to escape problems in Scotland, and was put in prison by Elizabeth
Plotted with Philip II to kill Elizabeth
Elizabeth had Mary be-headed

5. Elizabeth I Philip II angry Mary I Elizabeth declines proposal
Thought he should be king
Elizabeth declines proposal
Mary Stuart
Head Chopped off planning plot
English concerned with Netherlands Revolt
Queen Elizabeth feared an invasion if Philip won
Supported the Dutch

6. Philip Attacks England
English - Undeclared war on Spain
Seadogs - Francis Drake - Stole lots of Spanish treasure
Philip wanted him punished, Liz makes him a knight
Philip gets angrier.
Plans invasion of England

7. Philip Attacks England
Assembled the Armada to invade England
130 armed vessels, 19,000 soldiers
sent to English Channel.
English fleet is smaller and swifter
Better long range cannons.
forced the Armada into the North Sea.
Caught in storms.... Destroyed what was left of them.
Protestant Winds

8. Results Gave England confidence Ended threat of the Spanish Armada
Allowed other countries to start to explore the Americas.
Spain suffered a defeat but still had great wealth (colonial interests) to retain some power in the region

9. Religion & Parliament Elizabeth still had 2 main problems 1 - Religion
Puritans – Didn’t think Henry VIII went far enough in removing Catholic traditions from the church
Wanted England united under one religion
Persecuted all other religions
Had to pay fines
Elizabeth refused to change the church any more
Relatively tolerant
2 – Parliament
Made of representatives from all over the country

10. Religion & Parliament 1530’s Parliament starts to become more powerful
Most people viewed Parliament as a check to the monarchy’s power.
Made of 2 houses….
House of Lords – Nobles and Clergy
House of Commons – Gentry and Burgesses
Gentry – landowners, position but no title, no inheritance
Burgesses – merchants & professionals

11. Religion & Parliament Elizabeth I handled Parliament well
Consulted them, gave appearance of taking their advice
Usually got what she wanted from them
When Elizabeth dies
Left no heir
James Stuart – nearest relative, son of Mary Stuart
Already King James VI of Scotland
Became James I King of England – 1603
England and Scotland did not unite until 1707
Still have same ruler

12. James I A Stuart, not a Tudor
Intelligent but lacked common sense with money and diplomacy
Believed in idea of Divine Right – puts him at odds with Parliament
Big supporter of the Anglican Church
Puts him at odds with Puritans who still want change.
Did agree to new translation of Bible
King James Version

13. James I Biggest question – How much power should parliament have.
Problem getting tax money
Divine Right, wanted absolute power
Had to gain money by selling titles and monopolies
Left problems that the next King would have to deal with.
Tensions between a Stuart king and the people of England
After James I dies (1625), his son Charles I comes to power.

14. Charles I Believed in idea of Divine Right
Keeps him out of touch with his public
Marries a French Catholic Princess
French AND a Catholic
Charles always needed money
Tries to force people to lend him money
Puts them in prison
Parliament does not like these actions
Refused to give him money until he signed ‘Petition of Right’

15. Charles I Petition of Right - Still important
King agreed to four things
Could not tax people w/o Parliaments consent
Could not declare martial law
Could not board soldiers in private homes during peace time
Could not imprison subjects without cause
Charles agreed, but ignored
When Parliament protested, he dismissed Parliament
Parliament gone for 11 years.
Still important
Idea that law was higher than the king
Contradicted idea of Absolute monarchy

16. Charles I Charles keeps raising taxes and fines to get money
Angers many, trying to impose Absolute Control
Charles offends
Upheld rituals and formal Anglican prayer book
Tired to force Scot Presbyterians (Protestant) to accept Anglican prayer book
Wanted both kingdoms (England and Scotland) to follow same religion
Scots Rebelled, loyalty to Church before Crown
Charles sent troops to invade
Needs more money to continue the fight
Called Parliament to session (2 times)
Chance for Parliament to oppose him
Want to address complaints about the King first

17. Long Parliament 1640 - Met on and off for 20 years.
Charles needed money to put down Scottish rebellion
Parliament says no.
Parliament passes two laws to limit kings power
Ends kings power to dissolve Parliament
Requires Parliament to meet at least every 3 years
Wanted to makes changes to the Anglican Church
Public against that

18. Long Parliament Rebellion starts in Ireland – 1641
England controlled parts of Ireland
Irish Catholics had been treated harshly, like conquered people
Had few rights and freedoms, lived in constant fear
Bloody rebellion Irish Catholics vs. English
Parliaments wants control over Army
Charles says no… leads troops into Parliament to arrest them
Starts a Civil War in England – 1642
Charles escapes to north to build army of supporters
Civil War – 1642 – 1649

19. English Civil War & Cromwell
King supported by ……
Anglicans, Roman Catholics, nobles
Parliament supported by….
Puritans and other non-protestants
No side had advantage until….
1644 – Puritans found Oliver Cromwell
General who could win
Following year, captured king, tried for treason
Found guilty, sentenced to death
Beheaded in 1649
Never before had a monarch faced a public trial and execution
Cromwell takes control of England, abolished monarchy

20. Cromwell’s Commonwealth
Cromwell was a devout Puritan
But also fairly tolerant
Ruled from 1653 – 1658
Basically a military dictator
Wanted a parliamentary republic
Tried twice, too much resistance
Starts rebuilding economy
Encouraged trade and manufacturing

21. Cromwell’s Commonwealth
Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society
Made laws that promoted morality
Abolished things thought to be sinful
Going to the theatre, etc.
Cromwell favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics
Even welcomed back Jews
Cromwell eventually dissolves Parliament

22. End of the Revolution
Ruled till death in 1658
After Cromwell’s death, son Richard becomes leader
Weak leader, lost support of army
1660 – Restoration
Parliament voted to ask oldest son of Charles I to rule England
1660 – Reign of Charles II begins, legitimate heir to the throne

23. Restoration Charles II restored…. He avoided fights with Parliament
Theatre, sporting events and dancing
Arts flourished
He avoided fights with Parliament
Didn’t want to end up like his father
Bold commercial polices led to wars with the Dutch and gained some territory
New Amsterdam renamed New York
Tried to increase toleration of Catholics

24. Restoration Political Parties start to develop Over royal succession
James, Roman Catholic, Charles younger brother, next in line to be king
Tories
Believed James had hereditary right to the throne
Even if a Catholic
Supported by Anglican Church
Whigs
Claimed right to deny the throne to James.
Wanted strong Parliament & opposed a Catholic leader

25. Glorious Revolution Charles II dies, Brother James becomes king
Rules as James II
Believes in absolute rule
Frustrates both Whigs and Tories
Religion of his successor still an issue
First son is raised as Catholic
Daughters are Protestant
Parliament wants James II to step down
Invite James’ daughter, Mary, & husband, William of Orange to rule

26. Glorious Revolution William of Orange lands in England
James II flees to France in exile
Parliament gives crown to both Mary and William as co-rulers
Rule as William III and Mary II
Glorious Revolution
Bloodless transfer of power in the English monarchy

27. Habeas Corpus Parliament passes ‘habeas corpus’
Based on Ideas of Locke
Important freedom
Prisoners have right to be brought before judge, hear charges.
Judge would decide if tried or set free.
Protect against unfair arrest and imprisonment

28. English Bill of Rights
Read to William and Mary before given the throne in 1689
Parliament would choose who would rule
Ruler must obey Parliamentary laws
Could not suspend laws
Ruler could not impose taxes or maintain army in peace time without Parliaments consent
Ruler could not interfere with election of representatives for Parliament
Guaranteed free speech for members of Parliament

29. English Bill of Rights Also protected private citizens
Could not be forced to pay high or unfair bail
Would not have to face cruel or unusual punishment

30. Toleration Act
Granted some religious freedoms to Protestants who were not Anglican members (Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians)
Did not protect Catholics or Jews
Barred non-Anglican church members from holding public office

31. Act of Settlement To keep a Catholic off the throne
If Wm III & Mary II died w/o heir, Mary’s sister Anne would become Queen
If Anne had no kids, throne would go to a Protestant granddaughter of James I

32. Parliamentary Rule Fight between monarch and Parliament over
Parliament emerges as the supreme power
Parliament had right to chose next monarch
Rights of individuals and government powers had become more defined
Parliament still not representing all of the population

33. Parliamentary Rule
Eventually Parliament gains enough power that the monarchs stop trying to veto Parliaments actions
Two important institutions develop that still exist today in England.
1 - Cabinet
Officers of the State, advisors of the King
Usually department heads
First representatives of both parties
Later only members of the majority party

34. Parliamentary Rule 2 – Prime Minister
Leader of majority party in Parliament heads cabinet
Called Prime Minister
Still system of government in England.

35. Act of Union 1707 Passed by Parliaments from England and Scotland
United both as the United Kingdom
Meant to strengthen England in struggles with France
Many in Scotland opposed this
Ended up being very beneficial for all parties

36. Constitutional Monarchy
Whigs control House of Commons
Whigs want a strong Parliament body
England becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
Monarch remains head of state
Powers limited by the constitution
Required them to consult with Parliament
Certain things only Parliament can do
Has changed little since then

37. Constitutional Monarchy
Has been a model for other nations to end absolute monarchies
Constitution is not one document
Magna Carta
Petition of Rights
Habeas Corpus Act
Bill of Rights
Act of Settlement
And other acts of Parliament
Can be changed by Parliament if necessary
Prime Minister chooses member of the Cabinet
Plan and carry out government polices

38. And Finally…… the end!