1. Animal Science

2. Uses for Animals Food Work Medicine Research Clothing Recreation Companionship Security

3. Uses for Animals What types of animals are used for meat? Cattle (Beef & Veal) Swine (Pork) Lamb Goat Poultry

4. Uses for Animals Milk – inexpensive source of protein Produced by dairy cows & goats Cheese, ice cream, and yogurt Did you know that over 90% of U.S. milk production comes from the Holstein breed? What is another protein source that is produced by animals? Eggs

5. Uses for Animals What are some areas in which we use animals for work? Cultivate land Transportation Control other animals Assist physically & mentally handicapped Blind

6. Uses for Animals Medicine & Research Animal Behaviors Genetic Tests Organs Future treatment research

7. Uses of Animals Clothing Hides Leather Fibers Wool Mohair Silk

8. Uses of Animals Recreation Horseback Riding Racing Zoos

9. Uses of Animals Companionship Pets Assist with the sick and elderly

10. Uses of Animals Security Guard dogs Eliminating pests Ex.-Cats Romans used geese to guard the gates of Rome

11. Uses of Animals By Products Bone Buttons Glue Minerals supplements for feed Fat Cooking Oil Cream Soap Makeup

12. The Beef Industry

13. #1 red meat production industry in the United States. Americans eat about 96lb of red meat per year. Many by-products are produced from cattle such as: gelatin, leather, & soap.

14. Beef Cattle Operations Purebred Breeders Cattle of a single breed are raised. Cow-calf Operations Produce feeder calves for slaughter cattle producers. Slaughter-cattle (Feedlot) Buy calves from cow-calf operators and raise them until they reach slaughter weight.

15. English Breeds of Beef Cattle

16. English Breeds Cattle breeds developed in the British Isles (mostly Northern England & Scotland). Excellent grazers of native grasses.

17. Angus Black breed Known for excellent meat quality. Marbling

18. Hereford Red with white face Originated in the British Isles. Imported into the United States by Henry Clay in 1817. Gained acceptance after the 1883 Chicago Fat Stock Show.

19. Shorthorn Red, White, or roan (mix of red and white) coat. Excellent milking capability. Been used in the bloodlines of more than 30 recognized breeds.

20. Galloway Ancient breed which derived its name from the Gauls of the Scottish Lowlands. Polled Long, curly hair Performs well on poor land with coarse grasses.

21. Devon One of the oldest breeds in existence. Brought to SW England by the Phoenicians as they explored for tin. Romans wrote about them in 55 BC. 1 st purebred to reach North America. Known as the “Red Rubies”

22. Red Poll Polled cattle who are red in color. Developed as a dual purpose breed in England. Believed to have come about from crossing Galloways and Devons.

23. Exotic Breeds of Beef Cattle

24. Exotic Breeds Imported into the United States when consumers started demanding leaner meat. Exotic breeds have calves that grow faster than English breeds.

25. Charolais White to light blonde in color; pink skin. Large & very well muscled Originated in France.

26. Limousin Light yellow color with lighter circles around eyes. Lean carcasses with large loin eye area. Small head with short neck. Originated in France.

27. Simmental White to light straw faces, with dark red bodies. With to light straw faces, with dark red bodies. Most popular breed in Europe.

28. Blonde D’ Aquitaine Covered with short light colored hair. Well muscled breed that developed in southwestern France. Forehead and muzzle are broad, the face triangular.

29. Maine Anjou Very red with white markings across the body. Originated in northwestern France. Large, very well muscled cattle.

30. Brahman Light or medium gray coat color. Characteristic “hump” over shoulder. Large, drooping ears and loose skin. Developed in southwestern USA. Used mostly for crossbreeding.

31. American Breeds of Beef Cattle

32. American Breeds Developed to withstand the heat and resistance to disease and parasites in the South and Southwest. American breeds resulted from crossing Brahman cattle from India with English breeds. The result was increased heat tolerance and disease and parasite of Brahman and the meat quality of the English breeds.

33. Beefmaster Developed in Texas in the 20 th century. Approximately ½ Brahman and ¼ Hereford & Shorthorn respectively. Selection based on the 6 essentials: Weight, Conformation, Milking Ability, Fertility, Hardiness and Disposition

34. Brangus Solid black or red in color. Polled. Good mothering ability & feed efficiency. A result of a cross of Brahman and Angus.

35. Santa Gertrudis Developed on the King Ranch in Texas All Santa Gertrudis are descendants of the bull, Monkey They were created by crossing shorthorn cows and Brahman bulls.

36. Barzona Red cattle with occasional white markings. Developed in Arizona in the 20 th century to deal with the extremely hot, drought ridden, rocky terrain.

37. The Dairy Industry

38. Second most important animal enterprise in the United States in dollar sales. Consumption of milk and dairy products is steady now after years of decline. Average Americans use more than 580 lb of dairy products annually.

39. The Dairy Industry Milk production is not the only income-generating part of dairy production. Calves not needed as replacements for the dairy herd are sold as veal. Cows no longer profitable are sold for beef.

40. Breeds of Dairy Cattle

41. Holstein Black & White Highest average producer of milk. Comprises 90% of all dairy cattle in the U.S. Made the most genetic improvement in recent years.

42. Jersey Light Brown 2 nd most popular breed of dairy cattle. Smallest of the dairy breeds. Rank #1 in butterfat production.

43. Guernsey Reddish brown with white underside. Originated on the Isle of Guernsey in the English Channel. Produces a yellowish milk due to the high beta carotene content.

44. Ayrshire Red & White Developed in Scotland in the county of Ayr. Used to be known for it horns, but most calves are polled now.

45. Brown Swiss Brown with a light dorsal stripe down its back. Originated in Switzerland. Only been recognized as registered breed since 1906.

46. The Pork Industry

47. Swine used to classified into one of three groups: Lard- type & Bacon-type. However, the industry has changed greatly due to the demand for leaner pork.

48. Swine Operations-Producers Feeder-pig Maintain large herds of sows that produce 2 to 2½ litters each year. Market-hog Purchase pigs at 5-8 weeks of age and feed them until they reach an age of about 220lb. Purebred Produce high quality boars to improve the genetic makeup of a breed or to be bred with crossbred sows to increase hybrid vigor.

49. Breeds of Swine

50. Duroc Originated in the United States. Solid red. Drooped ears. Slight dish to the face. Excellent meat type hog.

51. Yorkshire Originated in England. White. Large, erect ears. Known as “The Mother Breed”. Produces large litters. Bacon-type hog.

52. Hampshire Originated in the United States. Probably the oldest American breed. Black with a white belt. Small, erect ears. Well-known meat breed.

53. Spotted Developed in Indiana. Black and white spots. Efficient feeders. Noted for rapid weight gain.

54. Chester White Originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania. White with drooped ears. Mothering breed. Known to produce large litters.

55. Poland China Originated in the US. Noted for ability to easily gain weight. Quiet dispositions. Black with white snouts, legs and switch. Generally poor mothers. Drooped ears.

56. Berkshire Originated in England. Black with white legs, snout and switch. Once kept at Buckingham Palace. Known for producing high quality meats. Erect ears.

57. Tamworth Originated in Ireland Red in color Bacon-type Deep-sided Well-arched back Erect ears Good mothers Very active

58. Landrace Originated in Denmark. Drooped ears Known for their maternal instincts. White Long Flatter-topped than other breeds.

59. The Poultry Industry

60. The Poultry Industry Poultry is the name given to all domesticated birds. Consumption of chicken meat in the U.S. increased from 26.4 lb to 81.4 lb per person from 1975 to 2003. Turkey consumption almost tripled from 6.5 lb to 17.6 lb per person during that same period. Americans also eat 250 eggs per person each year.

61. Poultry Industry Poultry production ranks 1 st ahead of beef & swine production in pounds consumed. What are the major types of poultry? Chickens Turkeys Ducks Geese

62. Types & Uses of Poultry Chickens Classified as either layers or broilers. Broilers are young chickens grown for their meat. (Cornish) Layers are chickens developed to produce huge numbers of eggs. (White Leghorn)

63. Types & Uses of Poultry Bantams Another class of chickens. Miniature versions of standard breeds. Used primarily for show.

64. Types & Uses of Poultry Turkeys 90% of turkeys grown commercially are Broad-Breasted White.

65. Animal Nutrition

66. Six Classes of Nutrients Water Protein Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins Fat

67. Water Largest component of all living things. Regulates body temperature. Dissolves & transports nutrients.

68. Protein Builds muscle

69. Carbohydrates Provides energy for animals. Makes up about 75% of most animal rations. Corn and other cereal grains are the major source of carbohydrates.

70. Minerals Calcium is one of the major minerals and is found in ground limestone. Calcium is needed in poultry feed for eggshell development. Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements & are a primary aid in the development of bones & teeth.

71. Vitamins Vitamins are needed by animals in minute quantities to help all body functions. Also help prevent many livestock diseases.

72. Fat Only small amounts of fat are required.

73. Classes of Feeds Concentrates Roughages

74. Concentrates Low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN). Cereal grains are the major source of most concentrates. Other sources include byproducts of grain and animals.

75. Roughages High in fiber and low in TDN. Dry roughage is hay. Green roughages includes the pasture grasses. Silage is a roughage that results from storage and fermentation of green crops.

76. Animal Digestive Systems

77. Digestive System of Cattle Cows & sheep are ruminants, which means they have four stomach compartments. Ruminants can tolerate more roughage in the diet.

78. Digestive System of Cattle

79. Digestive System of Swine Swine are monogastric, which means they have one stomach compartment. Have basically the same digestive system as a human. Ration must be high in concentrates.

80. Digestive System of Swine

81. Digestive System of Poultry Poultry have no true stomach and can only store small amounts of food in its digestive system. Chickens have no teeth. Food is swallowed whole, stored in the crop, and passed on to the gizzard where it is crushed & ground up. Rations must be high in food value.

82. Digestive System of Poultry

83. Tools in Animal Science

84. Candling Light Used to view the interior of eggs to detect blood spots and other such defects.

85. Castrator Used to prevent male animals from breeding. Burdizzo Castrator

86. Artificial Insemination Artificial vagina Used to collect semen from male animals. Insemination straw Used for the disposition of semen into the female.

87. Dehorner Used to remove horns from cattle.

88. Rectal Thermometer Used to take the temperatures of animals.

89. Syringe Used to give injections or to draw body fluids.

90. “V” Ear Notcher Used to notch the ears of swine for identification.

91. Careers in Animal Science

92. Careers Most entry-level jobs require a high school diploma. About 20% of the careers require a college degree. Some careers require additional education.

93. High School Agricultural Program A good place to begin career preparation because of the total program of.…. Class/Lab Instruction FFA SAE.

94. Veterinarian Education: 4 year college degree Advanced degree with special training (Vet School). Perform highly technically skills: Embryo transfers

95. Career Trends Largest number of new employment positions in agriscience is expected to be scientists & engineers.

96. Small Animal Industry Is expanding greatly. Used for…. Pets Animal research Food Fur

97. Small Animal Industry Technicians & growers are needed for…. Kennels Pet stores Animal hospitals Etc. Often require college training.

98. Equine Industry Expanding as the interest in horses for pleasure & show increases. Farriers are needed to shoe & care for horses’ feet.