1. Joints

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Root of tooth Socket of alveolar process Periodontal ligament Fibula Tibia Ligament (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures. (c) Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints. Fibula Tibia Ligament (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints. Root of tooth Socket of alveolar process Periodontal ligament (c) Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints. Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Body of vertebra Hyaline cartilage (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints. Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints. Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Body of vertebra Hyaline cartilage (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Figure 8.8a The knee joint.

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8b The knee joint. (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments Medial meniscus Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8c The knee joint. Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Tibia Fibular collateral ligament Fibula (c) Anterior view of right knee Patellar ligament

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8d The knee joint. Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Fibular collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibia Femur Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Tendon of semimembranosus muscle (d) Posterior view of the joint capsule, including ligaments Popliteus muscle (cut) Tendon of adductor magnus Bursa Tibial collateral ligament

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Fibula Tibia (e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally) Figure 8.8e The knee joint.

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8f The knee joint. Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patella (f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths. Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone Humerus resting Humerus moving

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints. a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints. b Hinge joint (elbow joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints. c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints. d Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints. e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints. f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.9 A common knee injury. LateralMedial Patella (outline) Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) Hockey puck

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus. Torn meniscus

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 4)

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (2 of 4)

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (3 of 4)

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (4 of 4)

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans