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Part 5 Joints.

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Presentation on theme: "Part 5 Joints."— Presentation transcript:

1 Part 5 Joints

2 Selected Synovial Joints
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) joint The most freely movable joint lacks stability Articular capsule is thin and loose Muscle tendons contribute to joint stability Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3 Glenohumeral Joint Figure 9.8a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4 Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder injuries
Glenohumeral Joint The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder injuries Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5 The shoulder joint Figure 9.8b, c
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6 The Shoulder Joint Figure 9.8d, e
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7 Selected Synovial Joints
Elbow joint Allows flexion and extension The humerus’ articulation with the trochlear notch of the ulna forms the hinge Tendons of biceps and triceps brachii provide stability Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8 Elbow Joint Figure 9.9a, b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9 Elbow Joint Figure 9.9c, d Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10 Stabilized by numerous ligaments
Wrist Joint Stabilized by numerous ligaments Composed of radiocarpal and intercarpal joint Radiocarpal joint – joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate) Allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction Intercarpal joint – joint between the proximal and distal rows or carpals Allows for gliding movement Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11 Wrist Joint Figure 9.10a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12 Wrist Joint Figure 9.10b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13 Wrist Joint Figure 9.10c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14 Selected Synovial Joints
Hip joint A ball-and-socket structure Movements occur in all axes Limited by ligaments and acetabulum Head of femur articulates with acetabulum Stability comes chiefly from acetabulum and capsular ligaments Muscle tendons contribute somewhat to stability PLAY Movement at the hip joint: An overview Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15 Frontal Section and Anterior View of the Hip Joint
Figure 9.11a, b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16 Posterior View of the Hip Joint
Figure 9.11c, d Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17 Selected Synovial Joints
Knee joint The largest and most complex joint Primarily acts as a hinge joint Has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed Structurally considered compound and bicondyloid Two fibrocartilage menisci occur within the joint cavity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18 Sagittal Section and Superior View of Knee Joint
Figure 9.12a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19 Sagittal Section and Superior View of Knee Joint
Figure 9.12b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20 Knee Joint Capsule of knee joint
Covers posterior and lateral aspects of the knee Covers tibial and femoral condyles Does not cover the anterior aspect of the knee Anteriorly covered by three ligaments Patellar, medial, and lateral retinacula Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21 Anterior View of Knee Figure 9.12c
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22 Ligaments of the knee joint
Become taut when knee is extended These extracapsular ligaments are Fibular and tibial collateral ligament Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23 Posterior View of Knee Joint
Figure 9.12d Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24 Intracapsular ligaments
Knee Joint Intracapsular ligaments Cruciate ligaments Cross each other like an “X” Each cruciate ligament runs from the proximal tibia to the distal femur Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25 Anterior View of Flexed Knee
Figure 9.12e, f Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26 Knee Joint Cruciate ligaments
Prevent undesirable movements at the knee joint Figure 9.13a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27 Selected Synovial Joint
Ankle Joint A hinge joint between United inferior ends of tibia and fibula The talus of the foot Allows the movements Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion only Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28 The Ankle Joint Medially and laterally stabilized by ligaments
Medial (deltoid) ligament Lateral ligament Inferior ends of tibia and fibula are joined by ligaments Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29 The Ankle Joint Figure 9.15a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30 Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
Figure 9.15b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31 Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
Figure 9.15c Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32 Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
Figure 9.15d Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33 Selected Synovial Joints
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Lies anterior to the ear Head of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa Two surfaces of the articular disc allow two kinds of movement Hinge-like movement Superior surface of disc glides anteriorly Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34 The Temporomandibular Joint
Figure 9.16a, b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

35 Selected Synovial Joints
Sternoclavicular Joint Is a saddle joint Muscles and ligaments contribute to joint stability Unique joint shape allows for multiple complex movements Another example of a saddle joint Joint between trapezium and metacarpal 1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36 Sternoclavicular Joint
Figure 9.17a Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37 Sternoclavicular Joint
Figure 9.17b Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38 Structure of joints makes them prone to traumatic stress
Disorders of Joints Structure of joints makes them prone to traumatic stress Function of joints makes them subject to friction and wear Affected by inflammatory and degenerative processes Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39 Sprains – ligaments of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn
Joint Injuries Sprains – ligaments of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn Dislocation – occurs when the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment Torn cartilage – common injury to meniscus of knee joint Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40 Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa do to injury or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon sheath Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41 Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Arthritis – describes over 100 kinds of joint-damaging diseases Osteoarthritis – most common type “wear and tear” arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis – a chronic inflammatory disorder Gouty arthritis (gout) – uric acid build-up causes pain in joints Lyme disease – inflammatory disease often resulting in joint pain Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42 The Joints Throughout Life
Synovial joints develop from mesenchyme By week 8 of fetal development, joints resemble adult joints Outer region of mesenchyme becomes fibrous joint capsule Inner region becomes the joint cavity Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43 The Joints Throughout Life
During youth – injury may tear an epiphysis off a bone shaft Advancing age – osteoarthritis becomes more common Exercise – helps maintain joint health Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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