1. Crisis in the Colonies, 1745–1775
The American Nation
Chapter 5
Crisis in the Colonies, 1745–1775
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 5: Crisis in the Colonies, 1745–1775
The American Nation
Chapter 5: Crisis in the Colonies, 1745–1775
Section 1: The French and Indian War
Section 2: Turmoil Over Taxation
Section 3: From Protest to Revolution
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. The French and Indian War
Chapter 5, Section 1
How did the rivalry of Britain and France lead to war in North America?
How did lack of unity and mistakes lead to British defeats early in the war?
What turned the tide of war in Britain’s favor?
How did British troops bring about the fall of New France?

4. Rivalry Between Britain and France Leads to War
Chapter 5, Section 1
European powers competed for trade and colonies around the globe.
France and England both claimed land in North America.
English settlers pushing westward clashed with French fur traders in the Ohio Valley.
Native Americans were caught up in the conflict. Algonquins and Hurons sided with the French. Iroquois supported the English.
In 1754, France and Great Britain began to fight in the Ohio River Valley. English settlers called the fight against France and their Indian allies the French and Indian War.

5. How Britain Almost Lost the War
Chapter 5, Section 1
Event
Albany Plan of Union
What Happened
To get the colonists to work together to defeat the French, Franklin proposed this plan for “one general government” for the 13 colonies.
Results
The colonial assemblies turned the plan down.
Fort Necessity
Washington launched a surprise attack against the French.
French and Indian forces outnumbered Washington’s forces. Washington surrendered.
Fort Duquesne
General Braddock led British and colonial troops toward Fort Duquesne.
The French launched a surprise attack and defeated Braddock’s troops.
Fort Oswego, Fort William Henry
The French succeeded in capturing these forts.
Britain’s Indian allies began to doubt the British.

6. How Great Britain Won the War
Chapter 5, Section 1
Who or What
William Pitt
What Happened
Pitt became the new head of the British government. Pitt’s first goal was to win the war in North America.
Results
Pitt sent his best generals, money, and supplies to North America.
Louisbourg
With the capture of the most important French fort in Canada, the tide of battle turned.
Fort Duquesne
Major General Amherst captured the fort in 1758.
Fort Duquesne became Fort Pitt.
The British seized it in 1758.
Added to British success.
Fort Niagra, Crown Point, Fort Ticonderoga
The British seized them in 1759.
The British and French troops fought on the Plains of Abraham, outside the city of Quebec. The British won. Quebec surrendered.
Quebec, important city overlooking the St. Lawrence River
In the dark, British troops led by General Wolfe quietly climbed the cliff and surprised the French.

7. How Great Britain Won the War
Chapter 5, Section 1

8. The Treaty of Paris
Chapter 5, Section 1
Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
The treaty marked the end of French power in North America.
Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.
France kept two islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
France kept some sugar-growing islands in the West Indies.
Spain gave up Florida to Britain.
Spain received New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi.
Spain kept its empire in Central and South America.

9. The Treaty of Paris
Chapter 5, Section 1

10. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 5, Section 1
In North America, the French and the English clashed over
a) land claims and fur trade.
b) which Native Americans would be their allies.
c) clearing the forests.
d) rights to the Mississippi River.
As a result of the French and Indian War
a) the Iroquois deserted the British.
b) the city of Pittsburgh grew up.
c) France lost its empire in North America.
d) France controlled shipping on the St. Lawrence River.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

11. Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 5, Section 1
In North America, the French and the English clashed over
a) land claims and fur trade.
b) which Native Americans would be their allies.
c) clearing the forests.
d) rights to the Mississippi River.
As a result of the French and Indian War
a) the Iroquois deserted the British.
b) the city of Pittsburgh grew up.
c) France lost its empire in North America.
d) France controlled shipping on the St. Lawrence River.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

12. Turmoil Over Taxation
Chapter 5, Section 2
How did Britain attempt to ease growing tensions on the American frontier?
How did the colonists react to new taxes imposed by Parliament?
Which new colonial leaders emerged as the conflict with Britain escalated?
What events led to the Boston Massacre?

13. Easing Tensions on the American Frontier
Chapter 5, Section 2
After the war, British colonists headed west to claim land.
British settlers clashed with the Native American nations in the Ohio Valley.
Britain sent Amherst to keep order. He raised the price of trade goods to Indians and allowed settlers on Indian lands.
In Pontiac’s War, angry Indian nations joined in an attack on British forts in the Ohio country.
When the French told the Indians they could no longer help, the Indian nations stopped fighting.
The British issued the Proclamation of 1763, drawing an imaginary line along the Appalachians. Colonists were forbidden west of the line.

14. Parliament Imposes New Taxes
Chapter 5, Section 2
Colonists settle on Indian lands in the west
Pontiac’s War breaks out on the frontier
Proclamation of 1763 stops settlement in the west
Stationing British troops in the colonies proves costly
British government decides American colonists should help pay for troops
Sugar and Stamp Acts burden colonists with new taxes
Stormy protests break out in many colonies

15. Parliament Imposes New Taxes
Chapter 5, Section 2
British Action
Sugar Act of 1764
What It Did
Lowered the tax on molasses; made it easier for British officials to try colonial smugglers.
Colonial Reaction
Stamp Act of 1765
Placed new duties on legal documents; taxes newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and dice.
Colonists protested angrily.
Colonists coined the slogan “No Taxation Without Representation.”
Colonists united. Delegates met in a Stamp Act Congress.
The Congress drew up a petition, a formal written request to someone in authority, signed by a group of people.
Colonists boycotted, or refused to buy, British goods.
Parliament repealed, or canceled, the Stamp Act.

16. Parliament Imposes New Taxes
Chapter 5, Section 2
British Action
Townshend Acts of 1767
What It Did
Taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea.
Set up new ways to collect taxes, including writs of assistance, legal documents that allowed officers to inspect another person’s property without giving a reason.
Colonial Reaction
Colonial merchants and planters signed agreement to stop importing taxed goods.
Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty, mock hangings, petitions, boycotts, threats.

17. Colonial Leaders
Chapter 5, Section 2
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts was a talented organizer. He arranged protests and stirred public support.
John Adams of Massachusetts had a knowledge of British law that earned him respect.
Mercy Otis Warren of Massachusetts wrote plays that made fun of British officials.
Abigail Adams of Massachusetts wrote to spur colonists to action.
George Washington of Virginia joined in protesting the Townshend Acts.
Patrick Henry of Virginia gave speeches that stirred others to action.
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was a rising law student.

18. The Boston Massacre
Chapter 5, Section 2
Britain sent soldiers to Boston to protect customs officials.
Bostonians saw the British as bullies and insulted or even assaulted the British soldiers.
On March 5, 1770, Bostonians gathered outside the Boston customs house, shouting insults and throwing things at the British guards.
Suddenly, panicked soldiers fired into the crowd, killing some colonists.
Colonists protested the incident, calling it the Boston Massacre.
The soldiers were tried, but John Adams defended them and was able to win light sentences for them.
Samuel Adams formed a committee of correspondence, a group that regularly wrote letters and pamphlets reporting to other colonies on events in Massachusetts.

19. Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 5, Section 2
Britain’s main reason for taxing the colonies was that
a) it expected the colonists to help pay the costs of the French and Indian War.
b) it gave them an excuse to bring smugglers to trial.
c) it expected the colonists to pay the costs of the Proclamation of 1763.
d) it wanted to make the colonists feel closer to Great Britain.
Colonists said they objected to the Stamp Act and other taxes mainly because
a) the taxes were too high.
b) the taxes would not go to help the colonies.
c) the tax laws were passed by a Parliament in which colonists had no representatives.
d) the taxes were too low to do any good.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

20. Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 5, Section 2
Britain’s main reason for taxing the colonies was that
a) it expected the colonists to help pay the costs of the French and Indian War.
b) it gave them an excuse to bring smugglers to trial.
c) it expected the colonists to pay the costs of the Proclamation of 1763.
d) it wanted to make the colonists feel closer to Great Britain.
Colonists said they objected to the Stamp Act and other taxes mainly because
a) the taxes were too high.
b) the taxes would not go to help the colonies.
c) the tax laws were passed by a Parliament in which colonists had no representatives.
d) the taxes were too low to do any good.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

21. From Protest to Revolution
Chapter 5, Section 3
How did a dispute over tea lead to tension between the colonists and the British government?
How did Parliament strike back at the people of Boston?
Why did fighting break out at Lexington and Concord?

22. How a Dispute Over Tea Led to Tension
Chapter 5, Section 3
The British East India Company sold tea to colonial tea merchants. The tea merchants sold the tea to the colonists for a higher price.
When the British East India Company had money troubles, Parliament passed the Tea Act. The act said British East India Company could sell directly to colonists.
American merchants protested being cut out of the tea trade. Other colonists said it was a trick to force colonists to pay the tax on tea.
Colonists boycotted tea.
The Boston Sons of Liberty showed their displeasure by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they raided three ships and dumped their cargo of tea into Boston harbor.

23. Parliament Punished Massachusetts Colonists
Chapter 5, Section 3
Intolerable Acts—passed to punish Massachusetts
The port of Boston was closed.
Massachusetts colonists could not hold town meetings more than once a year without the governor’s permission.
Customs officers and other officials could be tried in Britain or Canada instead of in Massachusetts.
A new Quartering Act said colonists must house British soldiers in their homes.

24. Steps to Lexington and Concord After the Intolerable Acts
Chapter 5, Section 3
Who or What
Quebec Act
What Happened
Parliament set up a government for Canada.
Results
Angered colonists because it included the land between the Ohio and Missouri rivers as part of Canada, which the English colonists claimed.
First Continental Congress
Delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia.
Agreed to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain.
Urged each colony to set up a militia, which is an army of citizens who serve as soldiers in an emergency.
Agreed to meet again the next year.
Minuteman
A volunteer prepared to resist the British.
British heard that the minutemen had arms stored near Boston.
Lexington
Village near Boston. Minutemen met British soldiers on the village green.
Shots rang out. Colonists were killed.
Concord
Town near Boston. Minutemen met British soldiers on Concord bridge.
Colonists forced the British to retreat. With the battles at Lexington and Concord, war had begun.

25. Section 3 Assessment Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts to
Chapter 5, Section 3
Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts to
a) collect taxes on tea.
b) punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
c) separate French Canadians from English colonists.
d) protest against unfair laws.
When British troops marched on Lexington and Concord, they
a) found a store of weapons and gunpowder.
b) shouted “The redcoats are coming!”
c) surprised the colonists.
d) clashed with armed minutemen.
Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here. 

26. Section 3 Assessment Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts to
Chapter 5, Section 3
Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts to
a) collect taxes on tea.
b) punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
c) separate French Canadians from English colonists.
d) protest against unfair laws.
When British troops marched on Lexington and Concord, they
a) found a store of weapons and gunpowder.
b) shouted “The redcoats are coming!”
c) surprised the colonists.
d) clashed with armed minutemen.
Want to connect to the American Histpry link for this section? Click here.