1. Chapter 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism 1815-1850
By: Sabrina Anglin

2. The Conservative Order (1815-1830)
After the defeat of Napoleon, the world responded by wanting to contain Revolution at any cost.
Congress of Vienna: took place from Sept to June presided over by the four great powers: Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russian (that formed the Quadruple Alliance) GOALS were to redraw the map of Europe ,to preserve/maintain peace after French Revolution and Napoleon I and to achieve a balance of power in Europe.
Klemens von Metternich: the leader of the Congress of Vienna. the Austrian individual who best captures the spirit of conservatism during this period, strongly believed in intervention, major voice at the Concert of Vienna, and Concert of Europe and eventually forced to flee his own country as revolutionary forces gained in power
Louis XVIII was put back in control on France.
Principle of Legitimacy- to reestablish peace and stability in Europe. Metternich believed highly of this.
Balance of Power- thought to prevent any one country from dominating the other countries in Europe.

3. Europe Before and After Napolean
Before After

4. Ideology of Conservation
Conservatism dates back from Edmund Burke ad his book Reflections on the Revolution in France
Edmund Burke and Conservation: wrote reflections on the revolution in France. Radical democratic and republic ideas. Rejected violence.
Joseph de Maistre and Conservatism: most influential spokesman for a counterrevolutionary conservatism. Only absolute monarchs. He espoused the restoration of hereditary monarchs.
Despite their differences, conservatives all shared common beliefs.
They favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religion was critical, hated revolution, and were unable to accept liberal demands for civil liberties.
They believed society must be organized and in order to work smoothly.
Tradition was always best in their eyes.

5. The Concert of Europe
Concert of Europe: big gathering of all the leaders in Europe. Was the start of the quadruple alliance. Was held for the fear of another revolutionary spread through Europe.
The concert of Europe was called because Europe wanted to maintain the new status quo they had created.
Metternich presented the Principle of Intervention and it said that the great powers had the right to send armies into any country to stop revolution and restore legitimacy.
Britain didn’t approve and caused the Quadruple Alliance to fall apart.

6. The Latin America Revolts
Although North America had gained Independence, Latin America was still under the control of Spain and Portugal.
many countries revolted against Spain.
Spain crushed them and any attempts they maid.
North America and Great Britain helped the countries gain independence.
Great Britain's navy stood between Latin America and any European forces.
The Monroe Doctrine- President James Monroe in 1823, guaranteed the independence of Latin America and warned against any more European intervention in the New World.
Great Britain now dominated Latin American Trade and Economy.

7. The Greek Revolt
Greek Revolt: in 1821 the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turkish. In 1827 a combined British and French fleet went to Greece and defeated the Ottoman Empire.
The principle of intervention proved to be a double edged sword.
They were made to stop revolts but they were also allowed to support them when they felt necessary.
In 1821 the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks.
Although they were controlled by Muslims for 400 years the Greeks were allowed to keep their language and religion.
In 1827 a combined British and French fleet went to Greece and defeated a large Ottoman armada.
A year later Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and invaded its European provinces.
Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 ended the Russian and Turkish war, the Russians won the provinces.
By that same treaty Ottoman agreed to allow Britain France and Russia would decide the fate of Greece.
In 1830 the three powers declared Greece an independent kingdom and two years later they were given their own royal dynasty was established.

8. Conservative Domination
Between 1815 and 1830 the conservative domination of Europe evident in the Concert of Europe was also apparent in domestic affairs as conservative governments throughout Europe worked to maintain the old order.
In 1815 Britain was governed by aristocratic landowning classes that dominated both houses of parliament.
The two political parties were the Tories and Whigs.
Britain's Tories and Whigs: Two political factions in Parliament. Whigs received support from the industrial middle class. Tory ministers largely dominated Britain government until 1830.
Popular discontent grew in 1815 because of severe economic difficulties.
The Tories response was the Corn Law if 1815, a measure that placed extraordinary high tariffs on foreign grain.
Mass protest meetings took a nasty turn when Calvary attacked a group of 60,000 people at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819.
The death of 11 people called the Peterloo Massacre by government detractors led parliament to take even more repressive measures.
By making minor reforms in 1820’s the Tories managed to avoid meeting the demands for electoral reforms.

9. Restoration in France
In 1814 the Bourbon family was restored to the throne of France and Louis XVIII.
Louis XVIII: understood the need for change and Accepted Napoleons civil code with its recognition of the principle of equality before the law.
Ultraroyalists- criticized the kings willingness to compromise and retain so many features of the Napoleonic era. They hoped to go back to a monarchal system.
Ministerial Responsibility- said that the ministers were responsible to the legislature.
A protest by the deputies led the king to dissolve the legislature in 1830 and call for new elections.

10. Repression in Central Europe
After 1815 the forces of reaction were particularly successful in central Europe.
Germanic Confederation: the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Rivalry between the two dominant states, Austria and Prussia, over which state had the inherent right to rule German lands led to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the collapse of the confederation
The Vienna settlement in 1815 had recognized the excistance of 38 sovereign states in what had once been the Holy Roman Empire
Burschenschaften: -it is a type of student fraternity founded in the 19th century. inspired by the liberal and patriotic ideas. the main goal of this is to rally the people and create a united Germany
From 1817 to 1819 the Burschenschaften pursued a variety of activities that alarmed German Governments

11. Russia: The Autocracy of the Tsar
Tsar Alexander I- had been raised in the ideas of the Enlightenment and initially seemed willing to make reforms
Tsar Nicholas I: strengthened the bureaucracy and secret police. The political police known as the third section of the tsar’s chancellery were given sweeping powers over Russian life.
Alexander Nicholas

12. Liberalism
Liberalism became more significant as the Industrial Revolution made rapid strides because the developing industrial middle class largely adopted the doctrine as its own.
Economic liberalism was also called classical economics.
They had there primary tenet the concept of laissez-faire.
Thomas Malthus: wrote essay on the principles of population. Argued that when population went unchecked it increased food need and food supply increases. The result is over population.
David Ricardo's “iron law of ages”: argued that more population means more workers and lower wages.
Political liberalism had a set of beliefs. They were civil liberties, freedom of assembly, speech, and press, and the freedom from arbitrary arrest.
John Stuart Mill: English philosopher. Argued that absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects that needed to be protected.
On the Subject of Women: he argued the legal subordination from one sex to another. Written by John Mill
On the subject of women would become an important work in thw nineteenth-century movement for womens rights.

13. Nationalism
Nationalism was an even more powerful ideology for change in the nineteenth century.
Nationalism did not become popular force for change until the French Revolution.
Nationalism threatened to upset the existing political order, both internationally and nationally.
A united Germany and Italy would upset the balance of power. The independence of Hungary would mean the breakup of the Austrian Empire.
In the early first half of the nineteenth century the liberals and nationalists were allies.

14. Socialism
Socialism became associated with the Marxist analysis of human society but early socialism was largely the product of political theorists or intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into social conditions.
Utopian Socialism: against private property, against competition of early industrial capitalism. wanted a "better environment for humanity"
Charles Fourier’s phalansteries: small communities that were self contained cooperatives. Each had communally housed people and would live and work together. Work assignments would be rotated.
Robert Owen’s New Lanark: believed that humans would show their true goodness if they were working together in a cooperative environment. Set up a town to prove his dream and his dream and it worked perfectly.
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan: maintained that social problems could be solved by government interference. State finance workshops but the workers own them and operate them. Tristan traveled through France speaking about the need for women liberation.

15. Another French Revolution
France’s July Revolution of 1830: Charles X produced another victory for the French liberalist. The king decided to seize the initiative. On July 26th Charles issued a set of edicts that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and reduced electors in preparations for elections.
Louis-Philippe was soon called the bourgeois monarch because political support for his rule came from the upper middle class.
In the legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, there were differences of opinion about the bourgeois monarchy and how it should grow.
the Party Movement led by Adolphe Thiers favored ministerial responsibility.

16. Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy.
Supporters of liberalism played a primary role in the July Revolution in France but nationalism was the crucial force in three other revolutionary outbursts in 1830.
France’s July Revolution of 1830: Charles X produced another victory for the French liberalist. The king decided to seize the initiative. On July 26th Charles issued a set of edicts that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly and reduced electors in preparations for elections.
The revolutionary scenarios in Italy and Poland were much less successful.
By September 1831 the Russians had crushed the revolt and established an oppressive military dictatorship over Poland.

17. Reform in Great Britain
In 1830 new parliamentary elections brought the Whigs to power in Britain.
Parties of Movement and Resistance: favored ministerial responsibility the pursuit of active foreign policy and limited expansion of the franchise. Believed that France had reached perfection and didn’t need further government assistance
Reform Act of 1832: gave lots of recognition to the changes of British life. Gave the new industrial population a say in the government
The 1830’s and 1840’s witnessed considerable reform legislation.
The Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that giving aid to the poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers.
The year 1848 witnessed revolutions un most of Europe.

18. France’s Second Republic
Despite the success of Revolutions in Frace, Belgium, and Greece, the conservative order remained in control of much of Europe.
In 1848 liberalism and nationalism erupted again
France went through a depression starting in Around 1/3 of the population were unemployed.
Frances second republic: France wrote a new constitution on November 4, 1848, to establish a republic with a unicameral legislature and a president.

19. Germanys Revolution
With the news of revolution in France, German states soon started to rebel.
King Fredrick William IV agreed to abolish censorship, establish a new constitution, and work for a united Germany.
German liberals attempted to gain power in 1849 in Frankfurt but failed.
Frankfurt Assembly: aroused controversy by claiming to be the government of Germany. Made up of mostly middle class. They fought over the boarder of this new Germanic state.
King Fredrick William IV

20. Austria's Revolution
The Austrian empire also had its problems and the news of the French revolution encouraged upheavals in march 1848.
The liberals wanted a commonwealth.
In march, demonstrations in many cities led to Metternich's dismissal and the arch symbol of the conservative order fled abroad.
Although Emperor Ferdinand I and Austrian officials had made concessions to appease the revolutionaries and await their time to reestablish control.
In June 1848, General Alfred Windischgrats called military forces to ruthlessly suppress the Czech rebels in Prague.
Louis Kossuth: agitated for commonwealth. Willing to keep the Habsburgs monarch but wanted their own legislature. He was the leader of the Hungarian Liberals.

21. Italian Revolts
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy: founded nationalist organization known as young Italy. Goal was to create a united Italian republic
The failures of revolutionary uprisings in Italy in encouraged Italian movement for unification to take a whole new direction.
The leadership of Italy's Risorgimento (resurgence) was passed to Giuseppe Mazzini.
Mazzini was a dedicated Italian nationalist.
The Duties of Man (written by Mazzini) urged Italians to dedicate their lives to the Italian Nation.
Charles Albert- the king of northern Italian state Piedmont who took up the position of leadership for a war of liberation from Austrian domination.
By 1849, Austria had reestablished control over over Lombardy and Venetia. Only Piedmont could keep its liberal constitution.

22. Failures of 1848
Throughout Europe in 1848 revolts led to the formation of liberal constitutions and governments.
The unity of the revolutionaries had made the revolutions possible, but divisions soon shattered their ranks.
As radicals pushed for universal male suffrage, liberals pulled back.
In 1848 nationalities everywhere had revolted in pursuit of self government.

23. The Maturing United States
The constitution ratified in 1789 committed the U.S. to liberalism and nationalism.
Bitter conflict erupted between Federalists and Republicans.
Led by Alexander Hamilton, federalists favored a financial program that would establish a strong central government.
Republicans, guided by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison feared centralized and its consequences for popular liberties.
The successful conclusion of the war of 1812 brought an end to the Federalists.
John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme court and was the first to exercise their right to overthrow the Congress.
The election of Andrew Jackson as President opened up a new era of politics.
By the 1830’s suffrage had been extended to almost all adult white males.

24. Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton

25. New Police Forces
The nineteenth century saw a rise in police forces across the world.
This new approach to policing was first seen in France in 1828when Louis-Maurice Debelleyme the prefect of Paris, proclaimed that the main goal of the police is to protect the people.
In March 182, the new police, called the Serjents became visible on Paris streets.
At first Paris had very few cops. They dressed in Blue uniforms and were armed with a White cane.
In Britain the new police force was named the Bobbies. They were unpaid constables who looked out for the community and were recruited by local authorities.
They later became a state financed police called the schutzmannschaft.

26. Prison Reforms
The increase of crime led to more arrests and By 1820 most countries had moved to imprisonment as their form of punishment.
Prisons served to isolate criminals from society.
By 1830’s European governments were looking for reforms for their penal systems.
After examining American prisons France and Britain constructed prisons with separate isolated cells for each prisoner.
Prisoners were leather masks while exercising and sat in separate stalls while in the chapel.
When more prisoners came and solitary confinement was no longer affordable governments started considering cracking down on society to lower crime rates.

27. The Characteristics of Romanticism
Romantism: a new intellectual movement that caused a challenge to reason with the truth.
Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther: was a model for modern tragic romanticism. He later rejected Romanticism for Classism
Individualism- an interest in the unique traits of each person.
Many romantics possessed a passion about the past.
Gothic Literature- chilling horror stories that were usually short.
Edgar Allen Poe’s books and Frankenstein were a huge part of this era.
Edgar Allen Poe->

28. Romantic Poets
To the romantics poetry was the best form of literature because they believed it was a direct expression of the soul.
Percy Bysshe Shelly was expelled from school because he advocated atheism.
He drowned in a storm in the Mediterranean a few years after his book was published.
Lord Byron dramatized himself as a romantic hero. He died in Greece fighting the Ottomans.
Pantheism- identifying the great force in nature with God.
The new worship of nature led to critiques of how the eighteenth century saw things scientifically.
Casper David Friedrich J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix: long preoccupancy with love and nature from their early days of painting. All in art. Painted mostly landscapes Delacroix was the most famous.

29. Romanticism in Music Beethoven->
Music was the most romantic thing to most people.
Ludwig von Beethoven and Hector Berlioz: all into music. Beethoven changed music forever. His music is known to have a horror, fear, and worried tone to it. Berlioz was one of the most outstanding composer. He founded music programs. He used music to advocate feelings of betrayed love and affairs.
Beethoven->

30. The Revival of Religion
Chateaubriand’s Genius of Christianity: bible of romanticism. everything was based on love and nature
Many people converted to catholic after the Romanticism era ended.
Protestantism also saw a revival but hey called it the “Awakening”