1. Treaty of Versailles

2. Members and Representatives
Members and Reps: “Five European Great Powers”
Austria- ruler
Prussia- ruler
Russia- ruler
Great Britain- foreign minister
France- foreign minister

3. Goals
Established lasting peace and stability in Europe
Prevent future French aggression
Restore balance of power
Restore royal families to thrones

4. Actions Taken Formed the kingdom of the Netherlands
Created the German Confederation
Recognized independence of Switzerland
Added Genoa to the Kingdom of Sardinia
Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon (but left France a major power)
Affirmed the principle of legitimacy

5. Legacy Short term: Conservatives regained control of governments
Triggered revolts in colonies
Long term:
Created an age of peace in Europe
Diminished the power of France
Increased the power of Britain and Prussia
Sparked the growth of nationalism

6. Explain Klemens von Metternich’s efforts to create peace and stability in Europe (balance of power, Concert of Europe)
Sought to maintain peace between European nations by creating a balance of power among rival countries so no country would be a threat to the others.
Set up a series of alliances called the Concert of Europe to prevent revolutions, which required nations to help one another if a revolution erupted.

7. Europe Faces Revolutions

8. 1.French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
Outcome:
fueled nationalist movements and revolutions throughout Europe

9. 2. Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks.
Outcome:
a joint British, French and Russian fleet defeated the Ottomans
Greece gains its independence

10. 3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna demand independence and self- government.
Outcome:
Leads to the forced resignation of Metternich
Triggers liberal uprisings throughout the German states
Revolutionaries’ failure to unite eventually leads to a return of conservatism

11. 4. Charles X tries to set up an absolute monarchy in France.
Outcome:
Riots break out which force Charles to flee to Britain
Was replaced with Louis- Philippe
A supporter of liberal reforms

12. 5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis Philippe.
Outcome:
A republican government is set up
Factions turn to violence, resulting in bloody battles

13. 6. Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
Outcome:
Under his strong rule, prosperity, peace and stability are restored in France
Son of Louis Bonaparte- Napoleon’s brother (He was Napoleon’s nephew)
Napoleon I’s son became Napoleon II but was in Austria when he was proclaimed emperor of France probably never knew about it he was only 4yrs.(6/22- 7/07/1815)

14. 7. In the Crimean War, Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
Outcome:
Russia was defeated by combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans
After the war, Alexander II began to modernize Russia

15. 8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation
Outcomes:
Serfs were legally free but remained tied to the land though debts

16. Nationalism Case Study: Italy and Germany

17. How did nationalism lead to the breakup of these empires?
Austro- Hungarian
Nationalists disputes led to the division of the empire into two states, Austria and Hungary.
After WWI the empire divided into separate nation states.
2. Russian
Nationalist feeling of non- Russian peoples fueled by Russification weakened the empire which fell as a result of war and revolution.
3. Ottoman Empire
Conservative Turks, angered by the Ottoman policy of granting equal citizenship to nationalist groups caused tension that weakened and eventually broke up the empire.

18. How did each of the following help unify Italy?
4. Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister of the Sardinian king
Worked to expand the empire
Through war, alliances, and help of nationalist rebels he eventually unified Italy
5. Giuseppe Garibaldi
Captured Sicily and united the southern areas of Italy he conquered with the kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia
6. King Victor Emmanuel
Pulled together northern and southern regions of Italy and took over the Papal states unifying Italy

19. How did each of the following lead to German unification?
7. Policy of realpolitik
This policy of though politics allowed Bismarck to expand Prussia and achieve dominance over Germany.
8. Seven Week’s War
Victory over Austria gave Prussia control over northern Germany.
9. Franco- Prussian War
Victory over France motivated southern Germany to accept Prussian leadership.