1. ‘isms After effects of the French Revolution
‘isms
After effects of the French Revolution

2. Conservatism Edmund Burke Critique of the French Revolution
Natural rights dangerous to social order
Authority based tradition
Slow change over time
Joseph Maistre
Church is foundation for society
Authority comes from God
Monarchs should crush attempts at reform

3. Nationalism Identity based on nation
Loyalty to nation is more important than loyalty to king or local lord
Language, history and literature to create a common past

4. Liberalism Declaration of the Rights of Man Individual natural rights
Limit political power with constitutions
Creation of representative parliamentary bodies
Freedom of press, religion, equality under the law
Adam Smith and Laissez-faire

5. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill
“greatest good for the greatest number”
The state may need to intervene to achieve economic justice

6. Socialism Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
“Utopian Socialists”
Economic equality through common ownership of all property

7. Political Uncertainty
France
Louis XVIII became King of France after Napoleon
Ruled as a constitutional monarch
No popular sovereignty
Limited franchise
Only king could introduce laws

8. Political Uncertainty
France
Charles X became king in 1824
Conservatism
Law of Sacrilege
July Ordinances
Dissolved assembly
Took away suffrage from bourgeoisie
censorship

9. Political Uncertainty
France
July Revolution 1830
Louis Phillipe made King
Creation of the bourgeoisie monarchy

10. Political Uncertainty
Spain
Ferdinand VII restored after fall of Napoleon, agreed to follow constitution of 1812
Once restored, he dissolved the Cortes (legislature), persecuted liberals
Rebellion in 1820 army and middle class
King agreed to rule by constitution
Concert of Europe
France, supported by Russia, Prussia and Austria
Restored as an absolute monarch 1822

11. Political Uncertainty
Italy
King Ferdinand of Naples agreed to rule as constitutional monarch
Once restored, refused to give up absolute power
Bourgeoisie and nationalist revolt
Troppau Protocol
European powers had right to intervene in revolutionary situations
Austria intervened, put down revolt

12. Political Uncertainty
Greece
Revolt against Ottoman Rule in 1821
Britain, France and Russia intervened to help Greeks
Independence in 1832
Serbia
Gained independence from Ottomans in 1830

13. Political Uncertainty
Russia
Nicolas I r
“Decembrist” revolt, supported Constitutional Monarchy
Put down with violence
Ruled with an iron fist

14. Political Uncertainty
Great Britain
Conservatism following French Rev.
Peterloo Massacre- wanted universal male suffrage, annual parliaments
Six Acts- banned demonstrations, imposed censorship

15. Political Uncertainty
Great Britain
Gradual Reform
Combinations Acts repealed 1829 (unions)
Great Reform Bill expanded electorate (1-5 male voters), representative districts
Poor Law miserable workhouses for poor
Factory Act of limited hours children work
Corn Laws – ended tariffs on grain