1. Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850
Chapter 21
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,

2. Timeline

3. The Conservative Order (1815 – 1830)
The Peace Settlement
Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia
Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
The principal of legitimacy
A new balance of power
Conservative Ideology
From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France
Obedience to political authority
Organized religion was crucial to social order
Hated revolutionary upheavals
Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government

4. Map 21.1: Europe after the Congress of Vienna

5. Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe
Met several times: congresses
Quintuple Alliance
Principle of intervention
Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy
The Revolt of Latin America
Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled
Latin American countries begin declaring independence
Simón Bolivar ( )
José de San Martín ( )
Britain began to dominate Latin American economy
The Greek Revolt,
Intervention could support revolution as well
Greek revolt in, 1820
Britain, France, Russia at war
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

6. Map 21.2: Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

7. Conservative Domination: The European States
Great Britain: Rule of the Tories
Landowning classes dominate Parliament
Tory and Whig factions; Tories dominate
Restoration in France
Louis XVIII (r – 1824)
Ultraroyalists
Intervention in the Italian States and Spain
Conservative reaction against the forces of nationalism and liberalism
Repression in Central Europe
Metternich and the forces of reaction
Liberal and national movements in Germany
Karlsbad Decrees (1819)
Russia
Rural, agricultural, and autocratic
Alexander I ( )
Nicholas I ( )

8. The Balkans by 1830

9. Ideologies of Change Liberalism Nationalism
Economic liberalism (classical economics)
Laissez-faire
Political liberalism
Ideology of political liberalism
David Ricardo ( ),
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty
Supported Women’s rights
On the Subjection of Women
Nationalism
Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
The community is called a “nation”
Nationalist ideology
Allied with liberalism

10. Map 21.3: The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe

11. Early Socialism Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier (1772 – 1838)
Robert Owen ( )
Louis Blanc (1813 – 1882)
Female Supporters
Flora Tristan (1803 – 1844)

12. Children at New Lanark

13. Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850
Another French Revolution
Charles X ( )
Revolt by liberals
Louis-Philippe ( )
The bourgeois monarch
Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie
Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy
Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic
Revolt by the Belgians
Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy

14. The Revolution of 1830

15. Reform in Great Britain
The Reform Act of 1832
New political power for industrial urban communities
Benefited the upper middle class
New Reform Legislation
Poor Law of 1834
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)

16. The Revolutions of 1848 Yet Another French Revolution
Scandals, graft, corruption, and failure to initiate reform
Louis-Philippe abdicates, February 24, 1848 
Provisional government established
Elections to be by universal manhood suffrage
National workshops
Growing split between moderate and liberal republicans
Second Republic established
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected in December, 1848

17. Map 21.4: The Revolutions of 1848 – 1849

18. Revolution in Central Europe
French revolts led to promises of reform
Frederick William IV ( )
Frankfurt Assembly
Austrian Empire
Louis Kossuth, Hungary
Metternich flees the country
Hungary’s wishes granted
Francis Joseph I ( )

19. Revolts in the Italian States
Giuseppe Mazzini ( )
Young Italy, 1831
Goal: a united Italy
Cristina Belgioioso ( )
Charles Albert (r – 1849)

20. The Failures of 1848 Division within the revolutionaries
Radicals and liberals
Divisions among nationalities

21. The Maturing of the United States
The American Constitution contained forces of liberalism and nationalism
Alexander Hamilton ( ), Federalist
Thomas Jefferson ( ), Republican
Effects of War of 1812
John Marshall ( )
Andrew Jackson ( ) and democracy 

22. The Emergence of an Ordered Society
Development of a regular system of police
Purpose of police
French Police
First appearance of new kind of police in Paris
British Bobbies
“Bobbies” introduced in 1829 – 1830
Goal was to prevent crime
Crime and Social Reform
New poor laws
Moral reformers
Organized religion
Prison Reform
The United States takes the lead (Auburn Prison in New York, Walnut Street Prison in Philadelphia)
Prison reform in France and Britain

23. The Characteristics of Romanticism
Emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings
Tragic figure
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ),
The Sorrows of the Young Werther
Individualism
Interest in the past
Grimm Brothers
Hans Christian Andersen
Walter Scott
Gothic literature
Edgar Allan Poe ( )
Mary Shelley ( )
Experimentation with drugs

24. Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature
Percy Bysshe Shelley ( )
Prometheus Unbound
Lord Byron ( )
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
William Wordsworth ( )
The mysterious force of nature
Critique of Science

25. Romanticism in Art and Music
Casper David Friedrich ( )
God and nature
Eugène Delacroix ( )
Passion for color
Ludwig van Beethoven ( )

26. Caspar David Friedrich, Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon

27. Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanaplus

28. Discussion Questions
What were the goals of the early nineteenth-century conservatives? What forces were working against the achievement of those goals?
Why did Britain involve itself in the Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire?
How did liberalism and nationalism contribute to both the success and failure of reform in the mid-nineteenth century?
Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail?
Compare and contrast the Romantic and Enlightenment views of nature.

29. Web Links 1832 Reform Act Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
Utopian Socialism Archive
William Wordsworth: The Complete Poetical Works
The Walter Scott Digital Archive