1. Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

2. The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 8–1

3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton:
the limbs
the supportive girdles

4. The Pectoral Girdle
Figure 8–2a

5. The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement

6. The Pectoral Girdle Consists of:
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

7. The Clavicles
Figure 8–2b, c

8. The Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

9. The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with arm and collarbone

10. The Scapula
Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa
Figure 8–3a

11. Structures of the Scapula
Posterior surface
Figure 8–3c

12. The Upper Limbs Arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

13. The Humerus
Figure 8–4

14. The Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper armbone
Articulates with the pectoral girdle

15. The Forearm
Figure 8–5

16. The Forearm Also called the antebrachium Consists of 2 long bones:
ulna (medial)
radius (lateral)

17. Ulna: The Olecranon Superior end of ulna Point of elbow
Superior lip of trochlear notch
Articulates with trochlea of humerus

18. The Wrist
Figure 8–6

19. The Wrist 8 carpal bones: 4 proximal carpal bones
4 distal carpal bones
allow wrist to bend and twist

20. Metacarpal Bones The 5 long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges

21. Phalanges of the Hands Pollex (thumb): Fingers:
2 phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers:
3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

22. The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–7

23. The Pelvic Girdle Made up of 2 hipbones (ossa coxae)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis

24. Os Coxae Made up of 3 fused bones: ilium (articulates with sacrum)
ischium
pubis

25. The Acetabulum Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the os coxae
Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)

26. The Pelvis
Figure 8–8

27. The Pelvis Consists of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and the coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae

28. Divisions of the Pelvis
Figure 8–9

29. Divisions of the Pelvis
True pelvis:
encloses pelvic cavity
False pelvis:
blades of ilium above arcuate line

30. The True Pelvis Pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis
encloses pelvic inlet

31. Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis
Figure 8–10

32. Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis
smoother
lighter
less prominent muscle and ligament attachments

33. Pelvis Modifications for Childbearing
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upwards

34. The Lower Limbs Functions: Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
weight bearing
motion
Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg

35. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)

36. The Femur
The longest, heaviest bone
Figure 8–11

37. The Patella
Figure 8–12

38. The Patella Also called the kneecap A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris
Base attaches quadriceps femoris
Apex attaches patellar ligament

39. The Tibia
Figure 8–13

40. The Tibia Also called the shinbone Supports body weight
Larger than fibula
Medial to fibula

41. The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia

42. The Ankle Also called the tarsus: consists of 7 tarsal bones
Figure 8–14a

43. Bones of the Ankle Talus: Calcaneus (heel bone): Cuboid bone:
carries weight from tibia across trochlea
Calcaneus (heel bone):
transfers weight from talus to ground
attaches Achilles tendon
Cuboid bone:
articulates with calcaneus

44. Feet: Metatarsal Bones
5 long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes

45. Feet: Phalanges Phalanges: Hallux: Other 4 toes: bones of the toes
big toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other 4 toes:
3 phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)

46. Feet: Arches Arches transfer weight from 1 part of the foot to another
Figure 8–14b

47. Studying the Skeleton Reveals characteristics:
muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass)
medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures)
sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)
body size

48. Male and Female Skeletons
Table 8–1