1. Appendicular Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdle: scapula, clavicle.
Upper limbs: humerus, radium, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
Pelvic girdle: coxal bones.
Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

3. Figure 7.42

4. Pectoral Girdle
Clavicles: collar bones that attach the sternum to the shoulder anteriorly.
Scapulae: shoulder blades with two processes.
Acromion process: tip of the shoulder.
Coracoid process: attaches to the clavicle and provides attachments for muscles.
Glenoid fossa articulates with the humerus.

8. Upper limb
Humerus: upper arm bone, articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

10. 2 1 3 4 5 8 6 9 7

11. Upper limb cont.
Radius: thumb side of the forearm, articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna
Ulna: longer bone of the forearm, olecranon and coronoid processes articulate with the humerus

15. Hand Carpal bones: eight small bones of the wrist.
Metacarpal bones: five bones, the framework of the palm.
Phalanges: finger bones, three in each finger (proximal, middle, distal phalanx), two in the thumb.

17. Figure 7.47

18. Pelvic Girdle
Coxal bones: two hips bones composed of three fused bones.
Ilium: superior part of the coxal bone.
Ischium: lowest portion of the coxal bone.
Pubis: anterior part of the coxal bone. The two pubic bones joint at the symphysis pubis.

19. Iliac crest
(bone) Pubis
Figure 7.49
Obturator foramen

21. Figure 7.49

23. Superior iliac notch
Inferior iliac notch
Pubic tubercle
Lesser sciatic notch

24. Male and Female Pelvis
Female iliac bones are more flared. “Hips are wide”
female pubic arch angle is greater.
The sacral curvature is shorter and flatter.

25. greater distance between the ischial spines and tuberosities in the female.
The differences create a wider pelvic cavity in all diameters
Larger pelvic brim

26. WHY???

27. Figure 7.51

28. Lower Limb Femur: thigh bone, longest bone
Patella: kneecap, located in a tendon, femur, tibia, and patella form the knee joint
Tibia: shinbone, lateral malleolus forms the ankle
Fibula: slender bone lateral to the tibia, not part of the knee joint

29. Figure 7.52

30. Linea aspera (posterior)
Popliteal surface

37. Osgood schlatter disease
Swelling of bony projection of tibia below knee
Due to over use of thigh muslces
More common in teens b/c of rapid bone growth

41. Foot
Tarsal bones: seven small bones in the ankle. The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest, located below the talus.
Metatarsal bones: elongated bones that form the arch of the foot.
Phalanges: each toe has three except the great tow which has two.

42. 1 2 3 4 5

43. Figure 7.55

44. Tarsus and metatarsus: arranged and bound by ligaments to form arch
Plantar fascitis: flat foot “fallen foot”
Weakened tissue, constant or heavy weight applied to foot

45. Life-Span Changes
Calcium levels fall through life and the skeleton loses strength.
Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts.

46. Life-Span Changes
By age 35, everyone loses bone mass. Women lose bone mass faster between menopause and age seventy.
Trabecular bone is lost before compact bone.