1. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
The limbs
The supportive girdles

2. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Fig 8-1

3. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Fig 8-1

4. The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
Consists of
Two clavicles
Two scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the _____.
a. clavicle articulates with the humerus
b. clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
c. coxal bones articulate with the femur
d. vertebral column articulates with the sacrum
e. clavicle articulates with the xiphoid process
Ans: B
Fig 8-2

5. The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
Articulates distally with the _______________ and proximally with the _________________.
One end of the clavicle is attached to the midline breastbone, or sternum.
The other end attaches via ligaments to a hook-shaped projection from the scapula.
A-cro-me-al
The clavicle articulates with the scapula _____.
a. distally with the coracoid process
b. distally with the glenoid cavity
c. distally with the acromial process
d. proximally with the manubrium
e. both C and D
Ans: E

6. The Pectoral Girdle Fig 8-2
The clavicle acts like a strut and pushes the scapula away from the ribcage.
This allows us to throw back and straighten our shoulders.
It’s the most frequently fractured bone in the body.
Koo-noid
Two prominent features of the clavicle are the conoid tubericle at the distal end and the ___________________________ tuberosity at the proximal end.
Ans: costal
Fig 8-2

7. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with arm and collarbone
The Scapulae is the first bone of the arm and it’s held tightly against the back.
It is a flat, triangle shaped bone that has a prominent spine on its surface.
This spine is easily felt projecting away from your shoulder and down your back.
Although it seems to be part of the back, it’s not directly connected by any joints to the axial skeleton.
The scapula floats freely in a mass of muscles that anchor it to bones of the arm and ribs.
Because of this, the position of the scapula can be widely adjusted to allow for free movements of the arm.

8. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Structures of the scapula
Body has three sides:
superior border
medial border (vertebral border)
lateral border (axillary border)
Body has three corners:
superior angle
inferior angle
lateral angle

9. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae The scapular head
Holds glenoid cavity (glenohumeral joint/shoulder joint)
Which articulates with humerus
To form shoulder joint
Processes of the glenoid cavity
Coracoid process:
anterior, smaller
Acromion:
posterior, larger
articulates with clavicle
at the _______________________________
The lateral point of the scapular triangle has a socket called the glenoid fossa.
The bone of the upper arm, the humerus, inserts a ball-shaped ending called the head of the humerus into this socket.
The joint allows a wide range of motion of the arm back and forth and up and down relative to the body.
Cora-coid
The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is an articulation between which two bones?
a. humerus and ulna
b. scapula and humerus
c. clavicle and scapula
d. clavicle and humerus
e. none of the above
Ans: B
The scapula articulates with the humerus at the ___________________________ joint.
Ans: glenohumeral

10. The Pectoral Girdle Fig 8-3
Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa Posterior features of the scapula
Scapular spine: ridge across posterior surface of body
Separates two regions:
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the _____.
a. coracoid process
b. acromioclavicular joint
c. scapular spine
d. subscapular fossa
Ans: B
Fig 8-3

11. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae
Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa
Posterior features of the scapula
Scapular spine:
ridge across posterior surface of body
Separates two regions:
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa

12. The Upper Limbs
The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

13. The Upper Limbs The ___________________ Also called the arm
The long, upper arm bone
Articulates with the pelvic girdle
The scapula articulates with the humerus at the ___________________________ joint.
Ans: glenohumeral

14. The Upper Limbs The Humerus Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis
Separated by the intertubercular groove:
greater tubercle:
lateral
forms tip of shoulder
lesser tubercle:
anterior, medial
Fig 8-4

15. The Upper Limbs The Humerus Head: Anatomical neck: Surgical neck:
Rounded, articulating surface
Contained within joint capsule
Anatomical neck:
Margin of joint capsule
Surgical neck:
The narrow metaphysis
The scapula articulates with the humerus at the ___________________________ joint.
Ans: glenohumeral
Fig 8-4

16. The Upper Limbs The Humerus The Shaft ______________________:
a bulge in the shaft
attaches deltoid muscle
Radial groove:
for radial nerve
posterior to deltoid tuberosity
Fig 8-4

17. The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis
Medial and lateral ___________:
for muscle attachment
______________ of the humerus:
articulates with _____ and ______
Articular regions of the condyle
Trochlea:
__________ fossa and ________ fossa
articulates with ulna
_______________________:
radial fossa
articulates with _______________
If you hold the end of the humerus between your thumb and index finger and flex your arm repeatedly, you will feel a sharp point on the medial surface and a larger sharp point on the lateral surface.
These are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerous.
They are attachment points for strong ligaments, called collateral ligaments, that attach the humerus to the bones of the forearm.
The ulna forms a hinge-like joint with the humerus with the coronoid and olecranon fossas.
The radius, has a peculiar joint with the humerous. It interacts with a ball-shaped process, the capitulum, which is found on the end of the humerous. When pulled by muscles, the radius twirls around on its own axis against this ball-shaped capitulum.
Fig 8-4

18. The Upper Limbs The Forearm (also called the antebrachium)
Consists of two long bones
Ulna (medial)
Radius (lateral)
The distal end of the humerus articulates with the two bones of the forearm: the radius and the ulna.
If you extend your arm like you’re going to shake hands with someone, the bone on the lower surface of your forearm is the ulna (think under).
The ulna forms a hinge-like joint with the humerus with the coronoid and olecranon fossas.
The other bone, the radius, has a peculiar joint with the humerous: the radius begins as a concave, circular plate that interacts with a ball-shaped process, the capitulum, which is found on the end of the humerous. When pulled by muscles, the radius twirls around on its own axis against this ball-shaped capitulum. This allows you to pronate and supinate your hand (flip it from palm side down to palm side up).
The bones of the forearm, or antebrachium, consists of the _______________________ and the ___________________________.
Ans: radius, ulna
Fig 8-5

19. The Upper Limbs The Ulna The olecranon The coronoid process
Superior end of ulna
Point of elbow
Superior lip of trochlear notch
Articulates with trochlea of humerus
The coronoid process
Inferior lip of trochlear notch
The dorsal surface (back) of the elbow has a large, sharp, moveable point known as the “funny bone,” but also known as the olecranon (o-lek-ra-non) of the ulna.
A large nerve called the ulnar nerve wraps around this process and runs in-between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon
If you bang it, you will feel a painful tingling in the forearm.
Fig 8-5

20. The Upper Limbs The Ulna Articulations with the humerus
Forearm extended:
olecranon enters ________ fossa
Forearm flexed:
coronoid process enters ________ fossa
Other articulations
Radial notch:
articulates with head of radius
forms proximal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head:
prominent ___________ process
attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist
When you touch your wrist with your thumb and forefinger, you will feel a medial bump and a lateral bump.
These bumps are the styloid processes of the ulna and radius respectively.
They are points of attachment for strong ligaments that hold your hand onto your forearm.
In the anatomical position, the ulna is located _____ to the radius.
a. distal
b. proximal
c. medial
d. superior
e. none of the above
Ans: C
Fig 8-5

21. The Upper Limbs The Ulna Interosseous membrane A fibrous sheet
Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius
Inter-oss-e-us
Here we can appreciate the styloid process of the ulna and of the radius as well.
Fig 8-5

22. The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps
Articulations of the radius
Ulnar notch:
distal end
articulates with wrist and radius
_______________ process:
stabilizes wrist joint
The radius articulates with the _____.
a. humerus
b. ulna
c. carpals
d. all of the above
e. A and C only
Ans: D
The _____ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint.
a. olecranon process
b. coronoid process
c. styloid process
d. radial tuberocity
e. capitulum
Ans: C
Fig 8-5

23. The Upper Limbs Eight carpal bones (bones of the ______)
Four proximal carpal bones
Four distal carpal bones
Allow wrist to bend and twist
The bones that give the hand a wide range of motion are the _____.
a. carpals
b. tarsals
c. metacarpals
d. metatarsals
e. phalanges
Ans: A

24. The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate
Near styloid process
Lunate
Medial to scaphoid
Triquetrum
Medial to lunate bone
________________
Anterior to triquetrum
Book = Sam likes to push the toy car hard
Scared (New) Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle [Scaphoid (Navicular), Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate].
Sally Licked Tom’s Pisiform. He Came Three Times.
Scaphoid (skaphe, boat), Lunate (luna, moon), triquetrum (triquetrus, 3-cornered), pisiform (pisum, pea).
JoJo falls and fractures her pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured?
a. foot
b. forearm
c. wrist
d. hand
e. ankle
Ans: C

25. The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid
Lateral
Trapezoid
Medial to trapezium
Capitate
Largest
Hamate
Medial, distal
Trapezium (trapezion, four-sided)
Trapezoid (wedge-shaped)
Capitate (caput, head)
Hamate (hamatum, hooked)

26. The Upper Limbs Fig 8-6 Each hand has 27 bones.
14 of these are bones of the fingers or phalanges.
The thumb has 2 phalangeal bones, the other fingers have 3.
There is a sexual difference or dimorphism in the anatomy of the hand.
Males tend to have an index finger that is shorter than the 3rd (ring) finger, whereas females tend to have an index finger that is relatively longer.
This seems due to effects of testosterone on bone development.
Fig 8-6

27. The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones (form the _________)
The five long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges
Phalanges of the Hands (14 total ______ bones)
Pollex (thumb)
Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers
Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
5 strong metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand, and are connected to a mass of 8 irregular bones called the carpal bones.
The bones that form the palm are the
a. carpals
b. tarsals
c. metacarpals
d. metatarsals
e. phalanges
Ans: C
The bones that form the fingers are the _____.
Ans: E

28. The Upper Limbs
What’s the point of articulation between the wrist and the ulna and radius? Styloid process
What is the collective term used to describe the bones of the wrist? Carpals
What is the term used to describe the bones of the palm? Metacarpals
What is the term used to describe the bones of the fingers? Phalanges
Fig 8-6

29. The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (______ bones)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis
Coxal bones
Made up of three fused bones
___________ (articulates with sacrum)
Ischium
Pubis
Each one of the coxal bones is formed by the fusion of 3 bones. The largest component coxal bone is the _____.
a. pubis
b. ischium
c. ilium
d. femur
e. tibia
Ans: C

30. The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The ___________________
Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone)
Articulates with head of the ____________ (lunate surface)
Acetabular notch
A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum

31. The Pelvic Girdle Fig 8-7 Marks of the Iiium:
1. Greater sciatic notch: For sciatic nerve
2. IIiac crest: Upper brim
3. IIiac fossa: Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line
Marks of the Ischium:
Ischial spine: Above the lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity: Posterior projection you sit on
Ischial ramus: Meets inferior ramus of pubis
Superior ramus: Meets pubic tubercle
Marks of the Pubis:
Pubic symphysis: Gap b/n pubic tubercles, padded with fibrous cartilage
Obturator foramen: Formed by ischial and pubic rami, attaches hip muscles
Pectineal line: Ridge of superior ramus of pubis, continues to iliac crest as acruate line
Each coxal bone consists of the following three fused bones:
a. ulna, radius and humerus.
b. ilium, ischium and pubus.
c. femur, tibia and fibula.
d. hamate, capitate and trapezium.
e. femur, patella and tibia.
Ans: B
Marks of the iIium
Marks of the Ishium
Marks of the Pubis
Fig 8-7

32. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ilium Greater sciatic notch
For sciatic nerve
____________ crest (point of attachment for both ligaments and muscles)
Upper brim
iIiac fossa
Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line
The superior border of the ilium that acts as a point of attachment for both ligaments and muscles is the _____.
a. anterior iliac spine
b. acetabulum
c. posterior superior iliac spine
d. iliac crest
e. iliac notch
Ans: D

33. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ischium Ischial spine
Above lesser sciatic notch
_________________________
Posterior projection you sit on
Ischial ramus
Meets inferior ramus of pubis
Superior ramus
Meets pubic tubercle
When seated, the weight of the body is borne by the _____.
a. ischial tuberosites
b. posterior inferior iliac spines
c. iliac crests
d. obturator foramina
e. inferior rami of the pubis
Ans: A

34. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis __________________________
Gap between pubic tubercles
Padded with fibrous cartilage
Obturator foramen
Formed by ischial and pubic rami
Attaches hip muscles
Pectineal line
Ridge of superior ramus of pubis
Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilium)
The pubic and ischial rami encircle the _____.
a. pubic symphysis
b. lesser sciatic notch
c. greater sciatic notch
d. obturator foramen
e. acetabulum
Ans: D

35. The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis
Articulations of the pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium
With the sacrum
Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity
The Pelvis
Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
What bone articulates with the coxal bone at the acetabulum?
a. sacrum
b. femur
c. humerus
d. tibia
e. fibula
Ans: B
The two pubic bones join medially at the ______________________________________ (two words).
Ans: pubic symphysis
Fig 8-8

36. The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis False pelvis:
Encloses pelvic cavity
Pelvic brim:
upper edge of true pelvis
encloses pelvic inlet
Perineum region:
inferior edges of true pelvis
forms pelvic outlet
perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
False pelvis:
Blades of ilium above arcuate line
Fig 8-9

37. The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
Smoother and lighter
Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Pelvis modifications for Childbearing
enlarged pelvic outlet
broad pubic angle (>100°)
less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
wide, circular pelvic inlet
broad, low pelvis
ilia project laterally, not upwards

38. The Pelvic Girdle
The female pelvis is broader and wider compared to the male pelvis, so that the two femurs diverge farther from the midline in females, making women more “knock-kneed” than men.
This is mainly due to the effects of the female sex hormone estrogen on pelvic shape.
A male has a _____ pelvic outlet when compared to the woman’s pelvic outlet.
a. larger
b. longer
c. smaller
d. wider
e. deeper
Ans: C
Fig 8-10

39. The Lower Limbs Functions of the lower limbs
Weight bearing
Motion
Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg

40. The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
A quick glance at the bones of the lower extremity shows that they are similar to those of the upper extremity.
The thigh bone or femur resembles the humerous.
The two lower leg bones, the tibia and fibula, resemble the radius and ulna.
Also, the general structure of the feet resembles the structure of the hands.
The major difference between the upper and lower limbs is that they bend or flex in opposite directions.
During embryogenesis, the upper and lower limbs almost look identical.
The elbow of the arm is located on the lateral surface of the arm, so that when the limb bends, the palms of the hands are brought close to the body.
Similarly, the kneecap region of the leg is on the lateral surface of the leg, so when it bends, the sole of the foot is brought closer to the body. Then everything changes.
As the embryo develops, the right arm rotates clockwise around its own axis, so that the elbow is brought to the back of the arm from its position on the side of the arm. Now when the arm flexes, the palm of the hand is brought up toward the face.
In contrast, the leg rotates around its own axis 90 degrees counterclockwise, bringing the kneecap region toward the front of the leg. Now when the leg flexes, the sole of the foot moves downwards.
Fig 8-1

41. The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head:
articulates with ______ at the acetabulum
attaches at fovea capitis
The neck:
Narrow area between head and trochanters
Joins shaft at angle
The main bone of the leg is the femur.
The top of the femur is a ball-shaped structure called the head of the femur.
The femoral head articulates into a cup-shaped depression on the pelvis called the acetabulum (Latin for “vinegar cup”).
The femoral head joins to the rest of the femur by a cylindrical portion called the neck of the femur.
The neck is the most commonly fractured part of the femur and usually accounts for the symptoms of a broken hip.
Also, arthritis can damage the smooth surface of the femoral head, making leg movements very painful.
One solution is a total hip replacement, in which the femoral head and neck are removed and replaced by artificial structures made of titanium that articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
Leg muscles don’t attach to the head or neck at all making it easy to replace in surgery.
Fig 8-11

42. The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters:
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter:
___________ attachments
intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior):
mark edge of articular capsule
Many of the thigh muscles attach to the femur on large processes just below the neck called the greater and lesser trochanters.
The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the _____.
a. humerus
b. femur
c. tibia
d. fibula
e. coxal bone
Ans : B
Fig 8-11

43. The Lower Limbs The Femur The shaft The distal epiphysis Linea aspera:
most prominent ridge of shaft
attaches hip muscles
joins epicondyles
The distal epiphysis
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle:
above the knee joint
Medial condyle and lateral condyle:
separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface
form part of knee joint
Two ball shaped surfaces, called the medial and lateral condyles, form the end of the femur and articulate with the flat ends of the tibia.
The 2 condyles of the femur do not directly contact the bony surfaces of the tibia and fibula and grind against them.
Instead, the femur is supported by 2 soft pads of cartilage called the medial and lateral menisci.
These can develop tears, which usually require surgery to restore knee movement.
The front of the knee joint is protected by a flat bone called the patella (knee cap).
Fig 8-11

44. The Lower Limbs The Patella (the ________________________)
A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris
Base attaches quadriceps femoris
Apex attaches patellar ligament
The knee cap is held in place by a strong patellar ligament
The other strong ligaments on either side of the patella anchor the femur to the tibia and fibula.
Just behind the patella are 2 additional ligaments that cross each other within the joint cavity.
Because of this crossing pattern, these ligaments are called the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (from the Latin crus for cross). Tears that form in these ligaments usually require surgery to repair them.
Fig 8-12

45. The Lower Limbs The Tibia Also called the shinbone
Supports body weight
Larger than fibula
Medial to fibula
The tibia and more delicate fibula make up the lower portion of the leg.
The tibia conducts all the weight onto the foot.
Fig 8-13

46. The Lower Limbs The Tibia The proximal epiphysis
Medial and lateral tibial condyles:
separated by intercondylar eminence
articulate with medial and lateral _____________ of femur
Tibial tuberosity:
attaches __________ ligament
The ligament that surrounds the ___________________________ attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
Ans: patella
Where on the patella? Apex.
Fig 8-13

47. The Lower Limbs The Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis
Anterior margin:
sharp ridge of shinbone
The distal epiphysis
Medial ___________:
medial projection at the ankle
The tibia ends at the ankle. The medial bump you can feel at the ankle is the medial malleolus of the tibia.
The medial bulge at your ankle is a projection from the _____.
a. fibula
b. femur
c. tibia
d. calcaneus
e. talus
Ans : C
Fig 8-13

48. The Lower Limbs The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes
Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia
The fibula is not a weight-bearing bone but does serve as a site of origin of a number of muscles.
Fig 8-13

49. The Lower Limbs The Fibula Articulations with tibia
Fibula/tibia articulations:
head
inferior tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrane:
binds fibula to tibia
____________ malleolus:
lateral projection of ankle
The bump on the outside of your ankle, the lateral portion, is the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
The medial border of the fibula is bound to the _____ by the interosseous membrane.
a. femur
b. tibia
c. patella
d. navicular
e. both A and B
Ans: B
The lateral malleolus is found on the _____.
c. fibula
d. patella
e. calcaneus
Ans : C
Fig 8-13

50. The Lower Limbs The Ankle Also called the tarsus
Consists of seven _____ bones
Bones of the ankle
__________________:
carries weight from tibia across trochlea
_____________ (heel bone):
transfers weight from talus to ground
attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Cuboid:
articulates with calcaneus
The Talus is on Top of the foot and articulates with the Tibia.
The distal end of the tibia articulates with the _____.
a. talus
b. fibula
c. patella
d. calcaneus
e. coxal bone
Ans : A
Which of the following is the heel bone?
b. navicular
c. calcaneus
d. cuboid
e. patella
Ans: C
Fig 8-14

51. The Lower Limbs The Ankle Bones of the ankle _________________:
articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Book = Tom Can Control Not Much In Life
Tiger Cubs Need MILCC (last C for Cuboid)
The tarsus contains _____ bones.
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
e. 8
Ans: D
The talus contacts the _____.
a. calcaneus
b. navicular bone
c. tibial bone
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Fig 8-14

52. The Lower Limbs
The structure of the foot is somewhat similar to the hand, but is modified because of the substantial weight supported by the foot.
1st the tibia transfers force to a large tarsal bone called the talus, which articulates with the tibia.
The talus transmits force to the large bone beneath it called the calcaneus (Kal-cain-e-us).
The Kal-cain-e-us is what we call the heel bone.
The remainder of the weight is distributed from the talus to the tarsal bones then the metatarsals and phalanges of the foot.
Fig 8-14

53. The Lower Limbs ____tarsal Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes
Fig 8-14

54. The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the foot Phalanges 14 bones of the toes
Hallux
Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other four toes
Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
Fig 8-14

55. The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet
Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another
The longitudinal arch
Calcaneal portion:
lateral
Talar portion:
medial
The transverse arch
Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
Ligaments and tendons maintain the longitudinal arch.
The talar portion of the arch makes sure the muscles, nerves and blood vessels that supply the inferior surface of the foot aren’t squeezed b/n the metatarsal bones and the ground.
During flexion at the ankle, on what bone is the weight of your body resting? Calcaneus.
What about during plantar flexion? Metatarsals and phalanges.

56. The Lower Limbs
The weight of the body is supported by the _____.
a. distal metacarpals
b. proximal metatarsals
c. distal metatarsals
d. calcaneus
e. both C and D
Ans: E
The Achilles tendon attaches to which anatomical structure?
a. cuboid bone
b. calcaneus
c. talus
d. lesser trochanter
e. both B and C
Ans : B
When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the ____.
a. distal metatarsals and calcaneus
b. talus and proximal metatarsals
c. calcaneus and talus
d. talus and cuneiforms
e. calcaneus and proximal metatarsals
Ans: A
Fig 8-14

57. Individual Skeleton Variation
Studying the Skeleton
Reveals characteristics
Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass)
Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures)
Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)
Body size and handedness
Study of human skeletons can reveal information concerning the person’s _____.
a. sex
b. age and nutritional status
c. size and handedness
d. all of the above
e. A and B only
Ans: D

58. Individual Skeleton Variation
The clearest distinction between a male and a female skeleton is seen in the characterstics of the _____.
a. skull
b. pelvis
c. sacrum
d. teeth
e. thoracic cage
Ans: B

59. Individual Skeleton Variation
Which of the following is NOT a component of the appendicular skeleton?
a. Scapula
b. Metatarsals
c. Femur
d. Humerus
e. None of the above. They are all appendicular bones.
Ans: E
Which of these is a forearm bone?
a. humerus
b. femur
c. tibia
d. fibula
e. radius
Ans : E