1. Journal: From Wedding Reception to Massacre
On August 24, 1572, the feast of St. Bartholomew, thousands of French Calvinists known as Huguenots were in Paris. They were celebrating the wedding of the Protestant Henry of Navarre to the sister of the king of France. This wedding was to unite the Protestant and Catholic parties in France and end the sectarian warfare that was tearing the country apart. The queen mother, Catherine de Medici, had other ideas. She persuaded the young king to order the elimination of all the Huguenot leaders. Mobs took over in a frenzy of killing. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Huguenots were killed in what has become known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Once more, civil war broke out in France.
What finally happened in the French wars of religion to establish peace and tranquility?

2. Journal: The Spanish Armada
As the Great Armada Católica set sail from Spain in the spring of 1588, the commander, Medina Sidonia, was concerned. The water and other supplies stored in the wooden casks on board the ships were spoiling. Many of the casks were defective. The English privateer Sir Francis Drake had raided Spain the year before and had burned many barrels intended for the armada supplies. New casks were built, but the staves were not seasoned wood. This caused leaks and spoilage. The Armada seemed doomed from the beginning.
What was the result of the Spanish Armada, both immediately and in the long run?

3. Journal: Glorious Revolution
In 1688, the English chased out King James II and offered the crown to a Dutchman known as William of Orange. King William III ruled jointly with his English wife, Mary – the first time in English history that husband and wife ruled together as equals. This event was known as the Glorious Revolution.
Why exactly was it “glorious”?

4. TAKS Practice Question
Test-Taking Tip: Remember the date of the Glorious Revolution to help eliminate answers.
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
The controversy that led to the English “Glorious Revolution” was
A Tudor-Stuart struggle for the throne.
The restoration of a monarch in England.
Increased religious freedom for Catholics.
A power struggle between Parliament and the king.

5. TAKS Practice Question
Test-Taking Tip: Try to eliminate answers when comparing-contrasting items.
Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
Which one of the following ideas is common to both the U.S. Bill of Rights and the English Bill of Rights?
Restriction on the housing of soldiers in citizens’ homes
Protection from involuntary search and seizure
Trial by jury for all citizens accused of a crime
Limitations of the power of the federal government

6. Journal: Louis XIV
Louis XIV rarely talked at meals. He preferred to eat – in huge quantities. A typical supper for Louis was four bowls of soup, an entire chicken, a pheasant, two slices of ham, a salad, some mutton, pastry, fruit, and hard-boiled eggs. Louis’s dinner was often a ritual. It could be eaten “au petit couvert” (with family and friends) or “au grand couvert” (a state banquet with many attendants). Occasionally, Louis would dine “au public.” This meant tourists could go to Versailles to watch the king eat. The public would move in through one door and out another in a line while the king consumed his meal. Louis had many ways to keep the public enthralled with his role as the Sun King.
How did the building of his palace at Versailles reinforce the notion that Louis was the center of the French nation?

7. Chapter 14 Crisis & Absolutism in Europe
Section 1 - Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion
Section 2 - Social Crises, War & Revolution

8. The French Wars of Religion
Calvinism
Catholicism
Huguenots
(French Protestants)
Catholics
7% of total population
50% of nobility
House of Bourbon
(next in line)
Valois Dynasty
Civil War

9. French Wars of Religion
1589: Henry IV (Huguenot) is crowned king of France
Has no support from Catholics… decides to convert to Catholicism

10. 1598: Issued the Edict of Nantes
Recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion, but gave the Huguenots the right to worship
Edict of Nantes: First state document to show religious tolerance and the idea of religious freedom.

11. The England of Elizabeth
1558: Elizabeth Tudor ascended to the throne of England
Protestant Queen – “the only supreme governor”
Tried to keep Spain & France from becoming too powerful

12. Elizabeth I The “Virgin” Queen – never married

13. The England of Elizabeth
Philip II of Spain was married to Mary (“Bloody Mary,” sister to Elizabeth)
Philip II desperately wanted to conquer England
1588, Spain sent an armada to invade England
Battered by storms in the English Channel and the British fleet

14. Military Tactics 101: Island nations almost always have an excellent navy!

15. Portrait of Elizabeth commemorating the defeat of the Spanish Armada (Symbols?)

16. Revolutions in England
English Revolution
Parliament vs. the King
Who has the power to govern?
James I
Divine Right of Kings: that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
Parliament wanted an equal role

17. Church & State
Puritans wanted church to be more Protestant (went against the King)
Many Puritans served in the House of Commons, which gave them power

18. Charles I vs. Parliament
1628: Parliament passed petition that prohibited passing taxes without Parliament’s consent
King agrees to petition and then, later changes his mind
Charles imposes Catholic practices on the Church of England
Puritans move to America rather than adhere to religious policies

19. Cavaliers/Royalists vs. Roundheads
Civil War
Cavaliers/Royalists vs Roundheads
Supporters of the King Parliament
Parliament won; led by military genius, Oliver Cromwell
Got rid of non-supporters and executed Charles I in 1649
Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
Declared England a commonwealth

20. Execution of Charles I

21. Oliver
Cromwell

22. After Cromwell
Cromwell dismissed Parliament and set up military dictatorship
After his death, Parliament was restored, as well as, the monarchy
Improvement: Parliament has more power than it has ever had before!
(True representative government)
In 1661, Oliver Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey, and was subjected to the ritual of a posthumous execution. Symbolically, this took place on 30 January; the same date that Charles I had been executed. His body was hanged in chains. Finally, his disinterred body was thrown into a pit, while his severed head was displayed on a pole outside Westminster Hall until 1685.

23. Glorious Revolution James II – Catholic
Parliament doesn’t want his son to be next king (Why?)
English Noblemen invite William & Mary of Orange (Dutch) to invade England
Successful, almost no violence
Who would be monarch?

24. Glorious Revolution
1689: William & Mary accepted throne and a Bill of Rights
Set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes
No standing armies w/o Parliament’s consent
Right to bear arms
Right to a jury trial
What country derived its
Bill of Rights from the English?

25. Glorious Revolution Major consequence
By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament had destroyed the Divine Right theory of kingship
English Bill of Rights

26. Chapter 14 Crisis & Absolutism in Europe
Section 3: Response to Crisis - Absolutism
Section 4: The World of European Culture

27. Louis XIII & Cardinal Richelieu
“13” was only a child when he took the throne
Royal minister held power until king reached a certain age
Cardinal Richelieu
Took political & military rights from Huguenots
Thwarted plots by nobles through a system of spies, executing the conspirators
King Louis XIII
Cardinal Richelieu

28. Louis XIV & Cardinal Mazarin
“14” took throne at the age of four and took power at the age of 23
During Mazarin’s rule French nobles tried to rebel against the throne (lost)
IMPORTANT: French people realize that to have stability they needed a monarch

29. France under Louis XIV (14th)
Response to crisis
Seek stability by increasing the monarchy’s power
Absolutism: a system in which the ruler has total power
Includes the idea of the Divine Right of Kings
Louis XIV – true example of an absolute power; Spread power & culture

30. France under Louis XIV
The “Sun King” – a source of light for his people
Established court at Versailles – held court, social events, and household
Controlled the central policy-making machinery of government
Ruled with absolute authority in foreign policy, the Church and taxes

31. Versailles

32. Versailles

33. Hall of Mirrors

34. Versailles

35. Louis XIV

36. France under Louis XIV Established anti-Huguenot policy
Destroyed Huguenot churches & schools
Wanted Bourbon dynasty to dominate Europe
Waged four wars to show power
By the end of his reign France was in debt and was surrounded by enemies
On his deathbed, he seemed remorseful for not caring for the people more

37. Ivan the Terrible (Russia)
1st Russian czar (Russian for Caesar)
Ruthless
Time of Troubles
Michael Romanov new czar selected by national assembly – ended Time of Troubles
Romanov dynasty lasted for over 300 years

38. Peter the Great Absolutist – believed in Divine right of Kings
Made trip to the West – returned wanting to Europeanize Russia

39. Peter the Great
Drafted peasants for 25-year stints of military service
Established 1st Russian navy
Divided Russia into provinces
Introduced Western customs & etiquette
No beards, no veils for women, and shortened coats
Needed to find water port to Europe
Established new city – St. Petersburg
Russian capital until 1918
St. Petersburg – New Western Capital

40. What were the advantages of moving the capital to St. Petersburg?