1. What happened in England?
The development of limited monarchy
(Constitutional Monarchy)

2. Constitutional Monarchy
A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an hereditary or elected monarch as head of state.
Though the king or queen may be regarded as the government's symbolic head, it is the Prime Minister who actually governs the country. For example: Queen Elizabeth II of England.
Constitutional Monarchy

3. The Monarch and Parliament
What was Parliament?
The representatives of the people.
Why did England have a Parliament?
Magna Carta in 1215.

4. Magna Carta 1215 barons had enough & listed their grievances
List became known as Magna Carta (Great Charter)
John met barons at Runnymede
It introduced the idea that even the king must obey some laws!

5. Magna Carta The king must not interfere with the Church
When a baron inherits land he should pay the king no more than £100
The king cannot collect new taxes unless the barons and bishops agree
No freeman can be put in prison without trial by a jury
Justice will be without delays or bribes
Traders must be able to travel freely without having to pay tolls
The King’s men must not take anyone’s goods without paying for them.
As soon as peace is restored, all foreign merchants should leave the country.

6. The Tudors and Parliament
Henry VIII created Protestant Church in England to divorce first wife
Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England
In 1534 Act of Supremacy named king as head of Church of England
Henry and Parliament
Two prominent members of Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII and daughter Elizabeth I, ruled when absolutism common on European continent
In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy
Both father, daughter had to learn to work with Parliament to fulfill goals
Henry and Elizabeth

7. Edward, Mary, Elizabeth
After Henry’s death and short reign of son Edward, Mary I became queen
Often called Bloody Mary, briefly made England Catholic again
1558, Mary died; Elizabeth crowned queen
Returned England to Anglican Church with Parliament’s help
Tension
Tension developed between Parliament, queen
Parliament pressured her to marry so she would have heir to throne
Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom
Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed

8. Elizabeth in Charge
Major reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with Parliament, her willingness to let members speak minds without fear of punishment
Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign
Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actions
Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?”
Essex tried, executed as a traitor
Not the last to question Elizabeth’s authority

9. How did Parliament interfere with absolute monarchy?
Parliament wanted to share power with the Monarch.
James expected to be an absolute monarch and was challenged by Parliament.

10. The Stuarts and Parliament
The Tudors’ success with Parliament not repeated
Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth
James I, first of Stuart dynasty to rule in England
View of absolute monarchy caused conflict with Parliament
Previous wars, own spending left him low on funds
James I
From Scotland, considered outsider
James rarely got all money he wanted from Parliament
Puritans wanted reform of Church of England
Clashes with Parliament
Seen as threat to James’s power; church leadership supported him
Refused to pass Puritans’ requests for reform
Did agree to publication of King James Bible
Puritan Reform

11. England James I Son of Mary Queen of Scots Raised by Scottish leaders
“Divine right of kings”
Royal monopolies
Dissolved Parliament
Lost favor of the people
Puritans' opposition

12. English monarchs attempted to establish absolute system
James I ( ) fought with Parliament over his authority.
Puritans wanted Anglican Church to reflect a Calvinist view.
James refused to cooperate, except for a new Bible translation.

13. James I and the clash with Parliament
James I wanted absolute power when he inherited the throne from Queen Elizabeth
Elizabeth wanted absolute power too, but was better at flattering parliament to get her way
Always conflict between the royalty and parliament over $ - royalty wants $ for royal court and foreign wars

14. James I continued
Also annoyed people b/c he refused to make Puritan reforms (get rid of Catholic practices).
Hated when anyone told him what to do (sound familiar?)
Known for the King James Bible – the Puritan translation of the old Bible

15. James I Reigned 1603-25 The people disliked him
Jamestown & Plymouth, Massachusetts founded
England went into debt; James demanded high taxes
Argued with Parliament; wanted absolute monarchy as in Henry VIII’s day

16. King James I

17. Charles I Defies Parliament
When James I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned king as Charles I.
Popular at first, but married Catholic princess
Involved England in military adventures overseas
1628, summoned Parliament to request money
Parliament refused until Charles signed Petition of Right
Petition of Right a direct challenge to absolute monarchy
Issues of Money
Placed limits on king’s power
Could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval
Parliament later refused to give Charles money again
He taxed English people on own, forced bankers to lend him money
Parliament was furious
Charles dismissed Parliament
1629, decided to rule without consulting Parliament again
Petition of Right

18. England Charles I Son of James I Revolt in Scotland War with France
Scottish people did not feel fairly treated
Imposition of bishops versus presbyters
War with France
Unable to raise taxes without Parliament
Long Parliament
Civil War
Death of the king
Roundheads vs Cavaliers

19. Charles I 1625, James I dies and his son, Charles I, gets the throne
Always needed $ for war
When parliament denied $ requests, he dissolved parliament
1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right

20. What was the Petition of Right?
An agreement between Parliament and the King that said the king must:
Get Parliament’s consent to raise taxes.
Not imprison subjects without due cause.
Not have martial law or house soldiers in time of peace.

21. Petition of Right No imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
Charles I signed the petition and then ignored it – even dissolved parliament again and levied mad taxes on the people

22. How did the Petition of Right limit the monarchy in England?
The king had to follow rules.
Especially important the king had to ask Parliament’s permission to raise taxes

23. More of Charles I
The people hated the taxes (obviously)

24. What did Charles do to limit Parliament’s Power?
He did not allow them to meet for over ten years.
When they did meet he tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders
This started the English Civil War.

25. Charles loses his head in an argument
Charles I ( ) pursued an aggressive foreign policy with Spain.
Continually sought new funds from Parliament, members checked his power by forcing him to sign the Petition of Right, 1628.
When Charles dissolved Parliament and tried to raise money, civil war resulted.
: 01glance/images/charles1.jpg

26. Parliamentary Parties
Tories: for a strong king, tended to be Anglicans & landless nobles (who got their titles from the king)
Whigs: for a strong Parliament, tended to be Anglicans who supported religious freedom, as well as merchants and lawyers; also included Puritans

27. Parliament Reconvened
The English Civil War
Conflict Continued
Conflict continued between king who believed in absolute monarchy, Parliament that saw itself independent
Conflict led to war, king’s death
Parliament Reconvened
1640, Charles I finally reconvened Parliament to ask for more money
“Long Parliament” did not disband for several years
Limited King’s Powers
Having been ignored 11 years, Parliament took opportunity to further limit king’s powers
Demanded Parliament be called at least every three years
Grudging Acceptance
Parliament also ruled king could no longer dismiss Parliament
Charles accepted new rules; but awaited right time to overturn

28. 1642 Civil War
Erupted because Charles I refused to let Parliament meet from When they finally did meet, refused to give him money unless he agreed to limit his own powers.
Tories willing to fight nicknamed “Cavaliers” (Fr. Chevalier=knight)
Puritans flocked to the banner of General Oliver Cromwell; known as “Roundheads” for their closely cropped, plain hair, in contrast with the fashionably long haired Cavaliers
Puritanism swept the lend; arts and sciences that flourished since Elizabeth went underground

29. War with Parliament Strategy Charles Tries Power Grab Civil War Begins
Charles’ moment came when radical Puritan group in Parliament moved to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church
King, whose power connected to power of church, was outraged
Charles Tries Power Grab
Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for treason
Led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped
Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take back power
Civil War Begins
Some members of Parliament decided to rise up against king
Charles I called for support of English people
1642, English Civil War began

30. English Civil War
Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions
Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled
War cost $, so Charles needed Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power
Supporters of Charles I = Royalists
The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads

31. Royalists and Roundheads
Without Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army
Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts
Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes
Parliament member Oliver Cromwell led Roundhead forces
Rose to leadership as army general
1644, led victory in which 4,000 of king’s soldiers died
Cromwell soon became commander of Parliament’s army
Roundhead Forces
Royalist army outmatched by Cromwell’s troops
1646, king surrendered
Cromwell dismissed members of Parliament who disagreed with him
Those left made up what was called the Rump Parliament
King Surrenders

32. More Civil War
Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan roundheads finally won (1646)
Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the public and executed him
The decapitation -

33. Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial
Trial and Execution
Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial
During trial, Charles defended self with great eloquence, refused to even recognize Parliament’s authority to try him
In the end, Charles sentenced to death for treason
January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of own palace
To some he was martyr; to others tyrant who got what he deserved

34. Results of the English Civil War
Charles I lost and was tried and executed (Beheaded).
England was ruled by a military dictatorship for 9 years.
The Restoration lasted for 28 years.
Glorious Revolution changed kings without violence.

35. Oliver Cromwell defeats king’s forces and became Lord Protector
Charles executed for treason.
On paper, England was a republic but in practice a dictatorship.
Cromwell suppressed revolt in Ireland.
Imposed Puritan ideals on English.

36. Oliver Cromwell
1649 he got rid of the monarchy and established a republican form of government
Sent most of the Parliamentary members home and eventually established a military dictatorship (he tore up the first constitution that his associate produced)
Since Ireland was under English rule, the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

37. England under Cromwell
Commonwealth
England’s government changed completely for the next 11 years
House of Commons abolished House of Lords, outlawed monarchy
Became commonwealth, government based on common good of all people
Lord Protector
1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland
Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience
Clamped down on social life, closed theaters, limited other entertainment
Foreign Issues
Cromwell also had to deal with foreign issues
Led military expeditions to Scotland, Ireland
Economic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on Spain

38. Puritan Morality
Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England’s morality
Abolished all “sinful” things – like theater
Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

39. A Defender of Absolutism
Cromwell, the king’s death, war troubled many English people
One was Thomas Hobbes, Royalist who fled to France during Cromwell’s rule
Hobbes wrote classic work of political science, Leviathan
Questions of Rule
In Leviathan, Hobbes described humans as being naturally selfish, fearful
Hobbes argued that people needed all-powerful monarch to tell them how to live
Views sparked controversy when England trying to find balance in government
Leviathan

40. Interregnum Latin for “between kings,” 1649-60
England became a “Protectorate” instead of a commonwealth with Cromwell as “Lord Protector”
Scotland & Ireland conquered (hence Ireland’s anti-Protestant attitude
Oliver dies in 1658, his son Richard now Lord Protector
Richard proves to be inept, so people overthrow him in 1660, ask for monarchy

41. The Monarchy Returns The Restoration The New King
Hobbes’s ideas reflected the fact that many people were unhappy under Cromwell, especially when he dismissed Parliament to rule alone—like a king. Attitudes were changing so much that a return to monarchy became possible.
1658, Cromwell died; son took place; Richard Cromwell lacked father’s leadership abilities
His government collapsed
Eventually Parliament reconvened, voted to bring back monarchy—event known as the Restoration
The Restoration
Spring 1660, Parliament invited son of Charles I to be new king
Parliament laid out certain conditions which Charles accepted
Was crowned as Charles II
People shouted their good wishes
The New King
Pepys: “Great joy all yesterday at London, and at night more bonfires that ever, and ringing of bells…every body seems to be very joyfull in the business…”

42. Great Chain of Being May explain why English wanted a monarch again.
A way of looking at the universe and how it works
All beings and objects arranged in a hierarchy with God at the top and mere dust at the bottom
By killing the king, the chain is disrupted and chaos ensues

43. Monarchy Restored When Cromwell died, so did his government.
English invited
Charles II ( ) to restore monarchy.
Reign was a period of calm marked by court decadence.

44. Restoration and Revolution
English get sick of military rule and after Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles I (Charles II) to rule England
Restoration of monarch = restoration
Allowed the return of theater and sports
Passed important guarantee of freedom: Habeas Corpus
“to have the body”
People need to know why they’re arrested
Could not be held indefinitely without trial

45. The Reign of Charles II
Charles had to address many issues—conflict with Dutch continued; religious tensions remained; role of Parliament still being developed
Charles supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen the Church of England
Restoration years, mixture of positive, negative events
Positive and Negative
Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English drama resulted
Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held, released
1665, bubonic plague returned; following year Great Fire of London
After fire, Charles supported public construction projects

46. Monarchy In Crisis On Charles’ death, brother became king.
James II ( ) was pro-Catholic, which angered many.
When his young wife produced an heir, Parliament feared a renewed period of turmoil and removed king from power.
images/james_2_full.jpg

47. James II
Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him remained. His brother James was next in line, but he was a Catholic.
1688, group of nobles invited James’s daughter Mary, husband William to become king, queen
William and Mary both Protestants, lived in Netherlands
James fled to France
Parliament gave throne to William III, Mary II as joint rulers; transfer became known as the Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
James married to Catholic princess, whose Catholic son would outrank James’s Protestant daughters from first marriage
1685, Charles died, James crowned king
Many wondered if another destructive war would follow
James not popular; believed in right to rule as absolute monarch
English did not tolerate that belief
Not Popular

48. James II and the Glorious Revolution
James II got the throne after Charles II died
Everyone hated James b/c he was flamboyantly Catholic and gave his Catholic friends good jobs
James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his own daughter and her husband (protestants)
William and Mary then ruled England

49. The Glorious Revolution William and Mary Restore English Monarchy
Parliament invited Mary, daughter of Charles I, and a Protestant, to jointly rule with her husband, William of Orange. ( )
Both agreed to follow Parliamentary laws and accepted English Bill of Rights.
England became the only limited monarchy in Europe. Parliament in control.
rulers/images/willmary.gif

50. What were the results of the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary ruled with Parliament = Constitutional Monarchy.
They agreed to a Bill of Rights that limited government’s (monarch’s) power
Cabinet system developed with the Prime Minister as leader.

51. Constitutional Monarchy
Changes in Government
With Glorious Revolution, Parliament had essentially crowned new king, queen
More important, a document William and Mary had to sign before taking throne—the English Bill of Rights
Document prevented monarch from levying taxes without consent of Parliament, among other provisions
U.S. Bill of Rights based on this document
Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights central to England’s growth as Constitutional Monarchy, term for monarchy limited by law
Document’s approval came after decades of dramatic changes in English government
England had rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right, for monarchy ruled by law
Constitutional Monarchy

52. Political Changes
First Constitutional Monarchy where laws limited the ruler’s power
Bill of Rights:
No suspension of Parliament’s laws
No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
Freedom of speech in Parliament
No penalty for complaining about the King

53. Political Changes Continued
Established a Cabinet
Cabinet was a link b/w the majority party in Parliament and the King
Became center of power and policymaking
Still exists today
Leader of Cabinet = Prime Minister

54. 1707 Act of Union Unifies Scotland & England
Ireland is a subject nation
Nation known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland