1. World War I

2. 1. The Beginning
By 1914 tensions in Europe had risen and many believed the continent was on the brink of war

4. b. Four factors contributed to this problem
Militarism
Europe had undergone a massive military buildup during the period of the late 1800s into the early 1900s
European countries had colonized around the world and were now wanting to protect their own interest
Left all sides anxious
Remember the larger the population of a country the bigger army it could amass

5. ii. Alliances Nations entered into alliances with other nations
Two major alliances
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
The Triple Entente: France, Russia and Great Britain

6. iii. Imperialism
Quest to build empires fuelled ill will among the nations
Germany, France, Russia and Great Britain all saw themselves as imperial nations
Did not think they could stand by while a rival gained power

8. iv. Nationalism
Nationalism: Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture
Movement led to formation of new countries like Germany and Italy and struggles for power
Strongest national tensions were in the Balkans in a nation called Serbia

9. 4. Pan-Slavic Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: the idea of a unified Slavic race under the protection of Russia
This would give Russia access to the much wanted warm water seaports
Russians supported liberation movements of the Slavic peoples such as Serbians, Croats, Slovaks, and Poles, etc….

10. 2. Austria-Hungary and Serbia
1908
Austria-Hungary took the Slavic territories of Bosnia- Herzegovina from the weak Ottoman Empire
Serbia appealed to Russia for help, but Russia was just coming off a defeat by Japan and was unable to help

11. b. The Balkan Wars
Began in 1912 and was between the Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire
Serbia wanted Albania in exchange for fighting on the Russian side
They did not get it

13. iii. 1913, Albania was made independent and off limits to Serbia
Russia was not able to influence or help out Serbia
Serbians were angry
Russia was left humiliated
iv. Russia had no power in Europe
Russians vow never to be again humiliated
Were ready for a war in order to save their honor

14. 3. War Breaks Out
June 28, 1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo
Was the next in line for the Austrian-Hungarian throne
While driving through the city with his wife Sophie, they are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
Was a member of a Serbian national group called the Black Hand

15. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie
Gavrilo Princip

16. iv. Austria declared war on July 28, 1914
iii. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and made a list of demands for Serbia to agree to
Terms were humiliating to Serbia and she refused to agree to them
iv. Austria declared war on July 28, 1914

17. b. Mobilization
Russia will side with Serbia and began to prepare for war
Russia’s mobilization was seen as a threat and Germany (all of Austria-Hungary) mobilizes against Russia
Germany will declare war on Russia and then France

18. c. Schlieffen Plan
Germany had developed a plan to help prevent fighting a war on two fronts
Plan was called Schieffen Plan
Called for Germany to quickly defeat France in the west and then head east to fight Russia

20. iii. Quickest way to France was through Belgium
Belgium was neutral country
Germany invades and causes Great Britain to enter the war
iv. Great Britain joins in on France’s and Russia’s side

21. d. Two Powers Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia and Serbia

24. 4. Stalemate
1914
By the end of 1914 two trench systems stretched hundreds of miles across Europe
The Western Front was the dead lock region in western Europe

26. The War Effort

27. 1. Trench Warfare Life in the Trench Soldiers lived there
Wet and dirty
Bullets, bombs and grenades would go off all around you
Many times dead bodies stayed where they were at
Rats and lice were present

34. vi. “Over the Tops”
Soldiers were sent over the trench and ran towards the enemy lines through no man’s land
Many were gunned down before they ever made it to the other side

35. b. Trench warfare made the development of new technology necessary

36. 2. New Warfare
Poison Gas
Different kinds of gas could do different things i.e.: choke, blind or burn victims
This led to the development of gas masks

37. b. Rapid fire machine guns

38. c. Tanks
Armored vehicles
Pioneered by the British

39. d. Aircraft
First used to observe enemy positions
Eventually guns and bombs were attached
e. Even with all of this technology neither side was able to gain an adventure

40. 3. The Home Front Government Action War was also being waged at home
Governments took action
Factories produced military equipment
Citizens would conserve food
Governments tried to control public opinion
Governments would censor newspaper reports

41. 4. Used propaganda Information used to influence opinion
Encouraged support of the war
Used posters, pamphlets, and articles

45. b. Women and the War Effort
With men away fighting the war on the various fronts, women at home filled positions that were once occupied by men
Jobs
Work in factories
Help send food and weapons
Served as nurses
All of these things would help transform the public view of what women could do

49. 4. Western Front Battles Battle of Verdun Verdun was a French fortress
Purpose of the battle was to kill and injure as many French soldiers as possible
Lasted from February to December 1914
Around 400,000 French casualties and just as many Germans
Ended in a stalemate

53. b. Battle of the Somme
Fought near the Somme River in France, June 1916
It was an allied assault
On the first day alone the British had 60,000 casualties
Ended in December 1916 with no major break through

55. d. After three years of fighting the lines were virtually unchanged
c. 3rd Battle of Ypres
Took place in Belgium
Ended badly for the British
d. After three years of fighting the lines were virtually unchanged

58. 5. Around the World Ottoman Empire
Entered the war on the Central powers side in late 1914
Controlled the Dardanelles
A water route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
Allies used this straight to ship supplies to Russia

59. b. The Gallipoli Campaign
Began in 1915
It was an Allied effort to destroy guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles
Allies will give up after months of fighting and nearly 200,000 casualties

62. c. The Armenian Massacre
Late 1914, Russia attacks the Caucasus, a region between the Black and Caspian Seas
Area was home to ethnic Armenians
They were a minority in the Ottoman Empire, because most were Christians

63. ii. Ottoman’s claimed the Armenians were helping the Russians
iii. Spring 1915
Ottoman’s began to forcibly remove the Armenians from the Caucasus
Some 600,000 Armenians died either from violence, starvation or both
Many accused Ottoman’s of genocide: the deliberate destruction of a racial, political or cultural group

67. The Russian Revolution

68. 1. Before the War The Bolsheviks
Many were discontent with conditions within Russia and started to support a small political group called the Bolsheviks
They were a Marxist group that wanted to change Russia through revolution

69. b. Vladimir Lenin Leader of the Bolsheviks
Wanted to overthrow the czar
He wanted the Proletariat (industrial workers) to gain power and rule Russia as a socialist country

70. c. Economic Conditions
By 1914, economic conditions were so bad that World War I provided some relief
Czar Nicholas II hoped the war would unite the country and rally the citizens around his leadership

71. 2. World War I
Military
Russia’s army was around 6 million at the start of the war
Russia was ill-prepared for war
Russia’s factories could not produce the amount of ammunition or supplies that the army needed quickly enough
Military not equipped to fight a major war
Equipment was out of date
Leaders within the army were poorly qualified

72. iv. Czar Nicholas II takes personal command of the army in 1915
iii. Russia will enjoy initial success, but their losses will soon outweigh their victories
iv. Czar Nicholas II takes personal command of the army in 1915
His fate will be linked with the army
When the army lost a major campaign, people’s faith in his leadership was severed

73. Nicholas II
Alexandra

75. b. Conditions in Russia
Food and other goods grew scarce in major cities
Czar left his wife, Czarina Alexandra, in charge when he left for the front
Czarina relied on the advice of Grigory Rasputin
Rasputin was a self-proclaimed holy man
Many viewed him as immoral and corrupt

77. 3. Revolution Begins March 18, 1917
Citizens protest in Russia’s capital, Petrograd
Protested lack of food and fuel
Police and soldiers refuse to follow orders to shoot rioters
Czar ordered the Duma, Russia’s legislature to disband. The Duma does not
Nicholas is forced to abdicate his throne. This ends the Russian monarchy

78. b. Provisional Government
Duma established a provisional government after the czar abdicated
Led by Alexsandr Kerensky
Government planned to continue fighting in the war even though the Russian people were tired of fighting
Bolsheviks oppose Kerensky’s government
Wanted to fundamentally change Russian society and government

79. c. Bolsheviks Planned to abolish private property
Enforce social equality
Believed revolution would sweep the world
Lenin will be snuck back into Russia by the Germans in 1917

80. 4. Bolshevik Revolution Mid 1917
Russians ordered final military offensive and failed
Led to widespread rebellion
Nov armed factory workers a.k.a. the Red Guard attacked the provisional government
This is known as the October Revolution

81. c. Kerensky’s government collapses
d. Lenin will become Russia’s leader
He declared private property illegal and gave land to the peasants
He also turned factories over to the workers

82. 5. After the Revolution Peace with the Central Powers Leon Trotsky
Sent to negotiate a peace with the Central Powers
Accepted an agreement that forced Russia to give up huge chunks of its empire

83. b. Civil War
Fought by the “Red Army” (Bolsheviks) and the “White Army” (those who opposed the Bolsheviks)
Lasted 3 years
Bolsheviks triumphed in late 1920

84. c. Economic Policy Lenin will introduce a new economic policy
The plan permitted some capitalistic activity
People could sell food at a profit
This was meant to encourage food production

85. 6. The Soviet Union 1922 1924 The economy had improved
Russia united countries that had once belong to it and formed the U.S.S.R or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
1924
Lenin will die without a successor

86. United States Enters the War

87. 1. Events Leading to U.S. Entry
Neutrality
Many sided with the Allies, but felt the U.S. should stay out of the war
President Wilson
Believed the United States should not be involved in other countries’ affairs
1916, Wilson will run for re-election with the campaign slogan, “He kept us out of war”

89. b. Trouble at Sea Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
This is a German Policy
Any ship traveling around Great Britain was subject to attack by German U-boats
Initially attacked British ships but then started attacking merchant ships
This was done in response to Great Britain’s dependence on supplies being shipped in by other nations

90. ii. Lusitania Ship sunk by the Germans
Killed 1200 people; 120 were Americans
Two more ships were sunk carrying Americans in August and September 1915

91. iii. United States’ Response
The government complained to Germany about the loss of American lives
Germany agreed to stop attacks; feared U.S. involvement in the war
By 1917, Germany believed the only way to defeat Britain was with unrestricted submarine warfare

92. c. The Zimmerman Note February 1917, The Zimmerman Note was discovered
It was a secret message sent to Mexico by a German diplomat named Arthur Zimmerman
Proposed that Mexico attack the United States
In return Mexico would get Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico

93. 19 January, 1917: The Zimmerman Note to the German Minister to Mexico Berlin, January 19, On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.... You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (German Secretary of State)

94. ii. Note angered Americans and they began to call for war
iii. United States had reasons to go to war
Common ancestry with Great Britain
Strong financial ties to Allied powers
The United States was selling millions of dollars worth of war goods to Britain each week

96. iv. April 1917, the United States enters the war on the Allied side

98. 2. U.S. Involvement in the War
Germany’s Response
Germany had to win the war before America could send troops to Europe
After Russia’s exit Germany moves all troops to the Western Front
March 18, Germany launches a major assault on the Western Front
Advance within 40 miles of Paris

99. b. Important Battles The 2nd Battle of the Marne
Allied forces are able to stop German assault
Allied forces are able to effectively combine the use of tanks and aircraft
Allied forces gain huge amounts of territory

100. ii. Oct. 1918 Allied forces break through the Hindenburg line
German leaders approach Allies in seeking an armistice (truce)
On November 11, 1918 at 11 a.m. the war ends

101. 3. A Difficult Peace Different Desires
The major leaders of the Allied powers all wanted different things as far as a peace agreement went

102. ii. United States Led by Woodrow Wilson The 14 Points
Wilson’s vision for world peace
Included the reduction of weapons
Right for people to choose their own government
Propose an organization be created that the world’s leaders would join to protect one another from aggression

103. iii. France Led by George Clemenceau Wanted to punish Germany
Wanted Germany to pay for war costs

104. iv. Great Britain Led by David Lloyd George
Great Britain was somewhere between the United States’ position and France’s position
Wanted to punish Germany but did not want to weaken Germany either

105. v. Italy Led by Vittorio Orlando Hoped to gain territory for Italy
Largely ignored by the other three

106. b. The Treaty of Versailles
Named after the French Palace of Versailles where it was signed
Was closer to what Clemenceau wanted than Wilson

110. iii. Parts of the treaty
Germany is forced to pay large amounts to victims of the war
Germany was forced to take full responsibility of the war
Forced Germany to limit the size of its army
Germany had to return conquered land to France and Russia
Other lands were taken to form newly independent nation of Poland
Germany’s colonies were given to various world leaders

111. iv. Germany is humiliated by the treaty but had to accept v
iv. Germany is humiliated by the treaty but had to accept v. Treaty was signed on June 18, 1919

113. c. Outcome of the Treaty It crippled the Germany economy
Bitterness from the treaty would affect politics for years to come
It established the League of Nations
This is a victory for Wilson

114. d. The League of Nations Main goals:
Encourage international cooperation
To keep peace between the nations

115. ii. Problem: It does not represent everyone
Germany is excluded
Wilson is unable to convince the United States government to ratify the treaty
Many feared that the League of Nations would drag them into another war
The absence of the United States weakened the League of Nations

116. e. Other Treaties
Other treaties were formed to deal with Austria- Hungary and Ottoman Empires
Vast lands of the Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires were broken apart to create independent nations
Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Turkey

117. 2. Former Ottoman lands were turned into mandates (territories) to be ruled by European powers
France was given Syria and Lebanon
Great Britain was given Palestine and Iraq

118. ii. Zionist movement
The desire to create Jewish state in the Middle East began to start in Europe
1917- the British issued the Balfour Declaration
Favored a Jewish state in Palestine

119. iii. European nations were only suppose to govern mandates until they were able to govern themselves
Mandates will become nothing more than colonies

120. 4. Impact of the War Human Costs 9 million are killed
Millions more are wounded or taken prisoner
In Germany, France and Russia almost an entire generation died or were wounded
Spring 1918 influenza swept across the globe making things worse and killing millions more

121. b. Economic Costs France, Belgium and Russia were left devastated
Europe lost role as the dominant economic region of the world
The United States and Japan prospered during the war
Countries were forced to come up with new sources or develop their own products

122. c. Political Change Russia was now Communist Old monarchies are gone
Examples: Austria-Hungary (Hapsburgs), Germany, the Ottomans and Russia (Romanov)
Other countries experienced political upheaval

123. d. Unrest in the Colonies
After fighting in the war for their sovereigns many colonies thought that they might gain their independence after the war
This did not happen and independence was put off for many of them