1. Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1
By John McGill
Material contributed by
Beth Wyatt &
Jack Bagwell

2. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES)
Bones of the Head, Neck, and Torso
APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES)
Bones of the Upper and Lower Extremeties
* Total Number of Major Bones in the Body = 206

3. BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
28 Bones

4. CRANIAL BONES 8
Form the Cranium
Surrounds the Brain

5. FRONTAL-1 Anterior Forms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead)
& Anterior Cranial Floor
& Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)

6. PARIETAL ‑ 2
Superior
Forms Superior Portion of Cranium

7. TEMPORAL ‑ 2
Lateral
Forms Lateral Portion of Cranium
& Cranial Floor

8. OCCIPITAL ‑ 1 Posterior Forms Posterior Portion of Cranium
& Cranial Floor

9. SPHENOID ‑ 1 Central Lateral Forms Central Portion of Cranial Floor
Shape Resembles Bat
Known as the “Keystone of the Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid Bone Anchors All the Other Cranial Bones
Lateral
Forms Lateral Walls of Cranium
Lies in Front of Temporal Bone
& Lateral Walls of Orbits

10. ETHMOID ‑ 1 Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone
General Location: Between Nasal and Sphenoid Bones

11. ETHMOID ‑ continued

12. ETHMOID ‑ continued
Where the Ethmoid Bone Can Be Seen in an Articulated Skull:
Medial Walls of Orbits
Upper Portion of Nasal Septum Upper "Ledges" Projecting into the Nasal Cavities Anterior Cranial Floor

13. ETHMOID ‑ continued Ethmoid sinuses associated with ethmoid bone
hollow spaces inside ethmoid bone

14. BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
FACIAL BONES
Primarily Form the Face

15. NASAL ‑ 2
Form Bridge of Nose

16. MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) ‑ 2 Upper Jawbones
Form the central portion of the face
"Keystone of the Face“
Anchors All Other Facial Bones Except Mandible
Also Forms: Floor of Orbits & Anterior Portion (Most) of Hard Palate

17. BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
FACIAL BONES

18. ZYGOMATIC ‑ 2
Cheekbones
Also Form Lateral Walls of Orbits

19. MANDIBLE ‑ 1
Lower Jawbone
Largest, Strongest Bone of the Face

20. LACRIMAL ‑ 2 Forms Medial Walls of Orbits Paper Thin Bones
B/T the Maxillary and Ethmoid Bones
Paper Thin Bones
Usually Broken in Real Bone Skulls

21. PALATINE ‑ 2 Shaped like 2 L's facing one another
Horizontal Portion of L's Forms Posterior Portion of Hard Palate
Vertical Portion of L's Forms Lateral, Posterior Walls of Nasal Cavities

22. Palatine Bones

23. Turbinates INFERIOR TURBINATES (CONCHAE) ‑ 2
Form Lower "Ledges" That Project into Nasal Cavities
Scroll‑Shaped
Inferior turbinate (IT)
Middle turbinate (MT)
Increase the surface area of the lining of the nose
Warms, humidifies, & cleans air
U=uvula
T=anterior tongue
BoT=base of tongue
See next slide too

24. Turbinates

25. VOMER ‑ 1
Forms Lower Portion of Nasal Septum

26. VOMER ‑ 1

27. BONES OF THE EAR (6) Tiny Bones Located Within Temporal Bones
In Middle Ear
3/Ear
MALLEUS (2)
INCUS (2)
STAPES (2)

28. HYOID BONE (1)
U Shaped Bone That Lies in the Neck B/T Mandible and Larynx
The Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Form a Joint With Another Bone
Held in Place By Ligaments and Muscles
Supports and Provides Muscle Attachment For Muscles That Form Floor of Mouth and Tongue

29. HYOID BONE (1)

30. BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)

31. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7

32. ATLAS
1st Cervical Vertebra
Named For Atlas in Greek Mythology

33. AXIS
2nd Cervical Vertebra
Named B/C Atlas Pivots Around Axis

34. THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12

35. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5

36. SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1 Wedge-Shaped Bone
Consists of 5 Separate Vertebrae (Childhood)
That Fuse Into 1 After Bones Mature

37. COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1 Tailbone Consists of Separate Vetebrae
That Fuse (Like Sacrum)

38. BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
STERNUM AND RIBS (25)

39. STERNUM – 1
Breastbone
Dagger-Shaped
Flat Bone

40. RIBS – 12 PAIR TRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR
Called True Ribs B/C They Attach Directly to the Sternum By Costal Cartilage
FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR
Called False Ribs B/C:
3 PAIR
Attach Indirectly to the Sternum By the Costal Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair of False Ribs
#’s 8,9,10 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
2 PAIR
Don’t Attach to the Sternum At All (Last 2 Pair Of False Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
These Are Also Known as Floating Ribs

41. STERNUM AND RIBS (25) continued…
Note: Posteriorly, ALL Ribs Are Attached to the Thoracic Vertebrae
Note: Thorax (Thoracic Cage) = Sternum + Ribs + Vertebral Column, (Creates a Complete Boney Cage)

42. BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)

43. CLAVICLE – 2
Collarbone

44. SCAPULA – 2
Shoulder Blade

45. Shoulder Girdle
Shoulder Girdle = Clavicle + Scapula

46. HUMERUS – 2
Long Bone of the Upper Arm

47. RADIUS – 2 Radius and Ulna Are Bones of the Forearm
Radius: Thumb Side, Ulna: Little Finger Side

48. ULNA – 2 Radius and Ulna Are Bones of the Forearm
Radius: Thumb Side, Ulna: Little Finger Side

49. CARPALS – 16
Bones of the Anatomical Wrist
Proximal End of Hand

50. METACARPALS – 10 Bones That Form the Palm of the Hand
Knuckles = Heads of Metacarpals

51. PHALANGES – 28
Bones of the Fingers
3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb

52. BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)

53. OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2 (PELVIC GIRDLE)
Pelvic/Hip Bones
Broadest Bone in the Body
Os Coxae (2) + Sacrum + Coccyx, Forms Complete Boney Ring

54. FEMUR – 2
Thigh Bone
Longest, Largest, Strongest Bone

55. PATELLA – 2
Kneecap

56. TIBIA – 2 Tibia and Fibula Are Bones of the Lower Leg Tibia: Shin Bone
Larger, More Medial and More Superficial Compared to Fibula

57. FIBULA – 2

58. TARSALS – 14
Bones That Form the Heel and the Posterior Portion of the Foot

59. METATARSALS – 10
Bones That Form the Long Portion of the Foot

60. PHALANGES – 28
Bones of the Toes; 3 in Each Toe Except Big Toes, 2 in Each Big Toe

61. Developed by: Mr. McGill Mrs. Wyatt
BIO 210 Chapter 8 Supplements 2 & 3 TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE BONE MARKINGS
Developed by:
Mr. McGill
Mrs. Wyatt

62. Define Bone Markings Identifying Features on Bones
“Marks” Each Bone as Unique

63. DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS

64. FORAMEN Round Hole in Bone for Blood Vessels and Nerves
Example: Supraorbital Foramen

65. FOSSA Depression in Bone into Which Another Bone Fits (Forms Joint)
Example: Mandibular Fossa
Which #? 10

66. MEATUS Tubelike Canal in Bone Example: External Auditory Meatus
Which #? 11 11

67. NOTCH V-like Depression in Bone Example: Supraorbital Notch
Allows passage of supraorbital vessels & nerves.

68. PROCESSES Extensions of Bone
2 Groups: THOSE THAT FIT INTO JOINTS & THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH.
THOSE THAT FIT INTO JOINTS-2 TYPES
HEAD &
CONDYLE
Rounded Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint
Example: Mandibular Condyle
C or E
C, what is E?

69. HEAD Large, Rounded Distinct End of a Long Bone
Fits into a Depression on Another Bone Forming A Joint
Example: Head of Femur
Fits into acetabulum of os coxae (pelvis)

70. THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH
EPICONDYLE
SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)
TROCHANTER
TUBEROSITY

71. EPICONDYLE Bump Above a Condyle for Muscle Attachment
CONDYLE-Rounded Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint (Example: Mandibular Condyle)
Example: Epicondyles of Femur

72. SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)
Sharp, Pointed Process
for Muscle Attachment
Example: Spine of Vertebra

73. TROCHANTER Large Bump for Muscle Attachment Example:
Trochanters of Femur

74. TUBEROSITY
Small Bump for Muscle Attachment
Example:
Tibial Tuberosity

75. Processes-OTHERS
BODY
Main Portion of a Bone
Example:
Body of Vertebra

76. Processes-OTHERS
SINUS
Cavity Within Bone
Example:
Frontal Sinuses

77. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL

78. FRONTAL BONE SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole/Notch Above Orbit“ 2
May Be a Foramen/May Be a Notch (Varies)

79. FRONTAL BONE FRONTAL SINUSES
Cavities Within Frontal Bone (Above Orbits)
Usually 2 (One Above Each Orbit) But Varies

80. TEMPORAL BONE
Note: 2 Temporal Bones Means 2 Each of These Bone Markings

81. TEMPORAL BONE MASTOID PROCESS Projection of Bone Just Behind Ear
Contains Mastoid Air Cells (Small Sinuses That Communicate With Middle Ear Rather Than Nose)

82. TEMPORAL BONE EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS "External Ear Canal“
Tube That Extends into the Temporal Bone From the External to Middle Ear

83. TEMPORAL BONE STYLOID PROCESS
Slender Spike of Bone That Extends Downward From the Temporal Bone

84. TEMPORAL BONE MANDIBULAR FOSSA
Depressed Area in the Temporal Bone into Which the Mandible Fits

85. TEMPORAL BONE ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
The Portion of the Temporal Bone That Joins the Zygomatic Bone
Zygomatic Arch = Zygomatic Process (Temporal Bone) + Zygomatic Bone
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Greater wing of sphenoid

86. OCCIPITAL BONE FORAMEN MAGNUM OCCIPITAL CONDYLES "Large Hole“
The Hole Through Which the Spinal Cord Enters the Cranial Cavity
OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
2 Oval Shaped Bumps on Either Side of the Foramen Magnum (Where Skull Joins Vertebral Column)

87. SPHENOID BONE OPTIC FORAMEN "Hole in Eye" 2
Transmits the Optic Nerve (Vision) From Eye to Brain

88. SPHENOID
SPHENOID BONE

89. SPHENOID BONE SELLA TURCICA
Depression in the Center of the Sphenoid Bone (Houses the Pituitary Gland)

90. SPHENOID BONE SPHENOID SINUSES Cavities Within the Sphenoid Bone
Number Varies

91. ETHMOID BONE CRISTA GALLI Upward Projection of Ethmoid Bone
Lies in Anterior Cranial Floor
Point of Attachment for the Meninges
Protective Coverings for Brain and Spinal Cord

92. ETHMOID BONE CRIBIFORM PLATE
Thin Plate (Anterior Cranial Floor) That Crista Galli Sets On
Separates the Cranial and Nasal Cavities
Contains Numerous Holes for Branches of the Olfactory Nerve (Smell) (Branches of This Nerve Pass From Nose to Brain Through These Holes)

93. ETHMOID BONE PERPENDICULAR PLATE
Upper Portion of Nasal Septum (Nasal Septum is the Midline Wall in Internal Nose)

94. PERPENDICULAR PLATE

95. ETHMOID BONE SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE CHONCHAE (TURBINATES)
Upper and Middle "Ledges" in Nasal Cavities
Superior and 2 Middle Conchae

96. ETHMOID BONE ETHMOID SINUSES
Small, Spongy Cavities That Lie Within the Lateral Portions of the Ethmoid Bone

97. MAXILLARY BONE ALVEOLAR PROCESS INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN
Arch That Contains the Teeth
INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN
"Hole Below Orbit“ 2
Infraorbital
Foramen
Alveolar
Process

98. MAXILLARY BONE PALATINE PROCESS
The Portion of the Maxillary Bones That Forms the Anterior
and Most of Hard Palate
Hard Palate is the Hard Portion of the Roof of the Mouth

99. MAXILLARY BONE MAXILLARY SINUSES Cavities Within the Maxillary Bones
Below Orbits
Usually 2
One Below Each Orbit
Varies
The Largest of the Sinuses

100. MANDIBLE BONE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE (c)
Rounded Portion of Mandible That Fits Into Mandibular Fossa of Temporal Bone to Form the Jaw Joint (2)

101. MANDIBLE BONE
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
Arch That Contains the Teeth

102. MANDIBLE BONE MENTAL FORAMEN
"Hole in Chin" (Outer Surface of Mandible) 2

103. MANDIBLE BONE
MENTAL FORAMEN

104. MANDIBLE BONE MANDIBULAR FORAMEN PALATINE BONE (HORIZONTAL PLATE)
"Hole in Mandible" (Inner Surface of Mandible) 2
PALATINE BONE (HORIZONTAL PLATE)
Posterior portion of the hard palate
Mandibular
foramen
Palatine
Bone

105. SUTURES Immovable Joints Between Skull Bones SQUAMOUS
Lies Along the Top Curved Edge of the Temporal Bone
Joint Between Temporal, Parietal, and Part of the Sphenoid Bones

106. SUTURES CORONAL (FRONTAL)(1) LAMBDOIDAL (8) SAGITTAL
The Joint Between Parietal and Frontal Bones
LAMBDOIDAL (8)
The Joint Between Parietal and Occipital Bones
SAGITTAL
The Joint Between the 2 Parietal Bones

107. FONTANELS DEFINITION "Soft Spots" in an Infant's Skull PURPOSE
Areas Where Ossification is Incomplete at Birth
PURPOSE
Allows Compression of the Skull During Childbirth

108. SINUSES PARANASAL SINUSES (PREVIOUSLY LISTED WITH SKULL BONES)
"Sinuses Around Nose" (Communicate Directly (Open Into) Internal Nose)
FRONTAL
SPHENOID
ETHMOID
MAXILLARY

109. 1 Mastoid sinuses 2 Mastoid process
MASTOID SINUSES (AIR CELLS)
Located in the Mastoid Processes of the Temporal Bones
Small Sinuses That Communicate With the Middle Ear Rather Than the Nose
1 Mastoid sinuses 2 Mastoid process

110. ORBITS & NASAL SEPTUM ORBITS Eye Sockets
Formed By Many Cranial and Facial Bones: Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Maxillary (See Previous Info)
NASAL SEPTUM
Midline Wall in the Internal Nose (Divides the Internal Nose Into 2 Cavities)
Formed By:
Bone:
Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone: Forms Upper Portion
Vomer: Forms Lower Portion
Cartilage (Hyaline): Forms Anterior Portion

111. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL
WORMIAN BONES
Small Islands of Bone Located Within Sutures
Highly Individual So the Number Varies

112. VERTEBRAE BODY Flat, rounded portion Anterior and medial
SPINOUS PROCESS
Sharp, pointed, posterior, and medial projection
Can be felt through the skin of the back
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES
Sharp, pointed, and lateral projections
2 (left and right)
Note: These are markings that are common to most vertebrae

113. VERTEBRAE SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES
"Joining Processes"; One Way That the Vertebrae Join Together (They Also Join By Their Bodies)
Superior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Uppermost (Project Up)
Inferior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Lowermost (Project Down)
The Superior Articular Processes of One Vertebra Join to the Inferior Articular Processes of the Above Vertebra
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) FORAMEN
Hole in the Center of Each Vertebra
When All the Vertebrae are Joined, These Holes Create the Spinal Cavity (Houses the Spinal Cord)

114. STERNUM MANUBRIUM Upper Portion of the Sternum BODY
Middle (Main) Portion of the Sternum
XIPHOID PROCESS:
Blunt, Lower Tip of Sternum
Composed of Cartilage That Ossifies As One Ages
RIBS: COSTAL CARTILAGES
Cartilage (Hyaline) That Joins Ribs to Sternum

115. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: SCAPULA
SPINE
Sharp Ridge on the Posterior Surface of the Scapula
GLENOID CAVITY
Arm Socket: A Shallow Depression That Holds the Head of the Humerus to Form the Shoulder Joint
Spine

116. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: HUMERUS
HEAD
Large, Rounded, Proximal Epiphysis
Medial (Fits Into Glenoid Cavity)
The following are distal:
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
LATERAL EPICONDYLE
CAPITULUM-Rounded, Lateral Knob
TROCHLEA
Rounded, Medial Knob That Contains a Depression in the Center

117. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
RADIUS
HEAD: Proximal; Disk‑Shaped
STYLOID PROCESS: Distal, Pointed Projection (Lateral in Anatomical Position)
ULNA
OLECRANON PROCESS: Proximal, Upward Projection of the Ulna (Elbow)
SEMILUNAR NOTCH
Curved Depression
Proximal
STYLOID PROCESS
Distal, Pointed Projection (Medial in Anatomical Position)
Can Be Felt Through the Skin in the Wrist Area

118. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)
ILIUM: Uppermost, Flaring Portion (Largest)
ISCHIUM: Lowermost Portion (Strongest)
PUBIS: Anterior, Medial Portion
Markings:
ACETABULUM
Hip Socket: A Deep Depression that Holds the Head of the Femur to Form the Hip Joint
SYMPHYSIS PUBIS
Joint Between the Pelvic Bones (Pubis Portion)
Anterior and Medial
Composed of Cartilage (Fibrocartilage)
Each Os Coxa Bone is Composed of 3 Separate Bones That Fuse

119. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)
TRUE PELVIS
Space Between Pelvic Inlet and Pelvic Outlet
"Basin" Portion of Pelvis (Houses Pelvic Organs)
PELVIC INLET
Boundary That Leads Into True Pelvis
PELVIC OUTLET
Boundary That Leads Out of True Pelvis
FALSE PELVIS
Broad, Shallow Space Above Pelvic Inlet
Called False Pelvis Because It's Actually Located in the Abdominal Cavity Rather Than the Pelvic Cavity
True Pelvis
False Pelvis

120. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FEMUR
Proximal
HEAD
Large, Rounded, Proximal Epiphysis
Medial (Fits Into Acetabulum)
NECK: Narrow Portion Just Below the Head
GREATER TROCHANTER: Lateral
LESSER TROCHANTER: Medial
Distal
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
LATERAL EPICONDYLE
MEDIAL CONDYLE
LATERAL CONDYLE

121. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TIBIA
Proximal
MEDIAL CONDYLE
LATERAL CONDYLE
TIBIAL TUBEROSITY: Anterior, Medial, Rounded Bump
Distal
MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
Distal, Medial Process
Can be Felt on the Inner Surface of the Ankle

122. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FIBULA
HEAD: Proximal and Rounded
LATERAL MALLEOLUS
Distal, Lateral Process
Can be Felt on the Outer Surface of the Ankle

123. BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TARSALS
CALCANEUS:
Heel Bone
Which # 1
TALUS:
Uppermost Tarsal

124. CURVES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN
The Spinal Column is Curved (Not Straight)
Importance:
Strength
Balance
Protection from Fracture
PRIMARY CURVES: Present from Birth, Convex
THORACIC
SACRAL (PELVIC)
SECONDARY CURVES: Develop after Birth, Concave
CERVICAL: Develops As Infant Learns to Hold Head Erect
LUMBAR: Develops As Child Learns to Walk

125. COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HANDS AND FEET
STRUCTURE OF THE HANDS/FEET
Similar
Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
FUNCTION OF THE HANDS/FEET
Different!
Hands: Major Function ‑ Manipulation of Objects (Grasping and Holding); Due to Opposing Thumb
Feet: Major Function ‑ Strong Support for Body's Weight; Due to Big Toe and Arches

126. ARCHES OF THE FOOT
Strong Tendons and Ligaments Hold Bones of the Foot in an Arched Position
Arches Provide Support
LONGITUDINAL: Lengthwise Arches
MEDIAL
LATERAL
TRANSVERSE: Crosswise Arch

127. SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES
SHAPE OF PELVIS
Male Pelvis: Narrow and Deep (Funnel‑Shaped)
SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH
Angle Between Pelvic Bones (Anterior and Medial)
Male Pelvis: Pubic Arch < 90 Degrees
All Pelvic Differences Relate to Childbearing

128. SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES
SHAPE OF PELVIS
Female Pelvis: Broad and Shallow (Basin‑Shaped)
SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH
Angle Between Pelvic Bones (Anterior and Medial)
Female Pelvis: Pubic Arch > 90 Degrees
All Pelvic Differences Relate to Childbearing

129. SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN http://medlib. med. utah
Male
Female

130. Male
Female
Male
Female