1. The Clash over Germany and Italy Church Wields Power

2. Church During the Middle Ages Church-stable and wealthy institution Church-stable and wealthy institution creates the path to salvation (life after death) creates the path to salvation (life after death) spiritual and social center spiritual and social center Ranks of Clergy (religious officials) Ranks of Clergy (religious officials) Priest controls parish (church) Priest controls parish (church) Sacraments (religious ceremonies) Sacraments (religious ceremonies) Bishops controls group of parishes (diocese) Bishops controls group of parishes (diocese) Archbishop controls several diocese (archdiocese) Archbishop controls several diocese (archdiocese) Pope controls everyone below him Pope controls everyone below him

3. Power of the Church Cannon Law-laws of the church Cannon Law-laws of the church marriage, religious practices, “do’s and don’ts” marriage, religious practices, “do’s and don’ts” *All medieval people follow or else…(Why?) *All medieval people follow or else…(Why?) Excommunication-banished or kicked out of church (why would this be bad?) Excommunication-banished or kicked out of church (why would this be bad?) Interdict-strips rights or privileges of church members Interdict-strips rights or privileges of church members ex. close churches, banned sacraments ex. close churches, banned sacraments Both were used at “carrots” for rulers to follow pope Both were used at “carrots” for rulers to follow pope Tithe-tax of the church or 1/10 of a persons income Tithe-tax of the church or 1/10 of a persons income

4. Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne Treaty of Verdun???? Treaty of Verdun???? Otto I was elected German king in 936 Otto I was elected German king in 936 Strong kingdom and Northern Italy Strong kingdom and Northern Italy uses power of church to keep authority over other nobles uses power of church to keep authority over other nobles Otto I helps Pope John XII with struggle of Roman Nobles Otto I helps Pope John XII with struggle of Roman Nobles Pope rewards him title “Emperor of the Romans” and controlled Germany and northern Italy Pope rewards him title “Emperor of the Romans” and controlled Germany and northern Italy Not very big, but stood as power in Europe (about 1100) Not very big, but stood as power in Europe (about 1100) Formed a tie between Germany and Pope (Italy) Formed a tie between Germany and Pope (Italy)

5. Political vs. Church Power Church fears German political power Church fears German political power Lay Investitures-kings and nobles appointing church officials Lay Investitures-kings and nobles appointing church officials Reason: control the leaders of the Christian Church Reason: control the leaders of the Christian Church German Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) German Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) Supports lay investitures to keep power of the Holy Roman Empire Supports lay investitures to keep power of the Holy Roman Empire

6. Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII Spiritual reform and increase power of papacy to strip power from Emperor (Henry IV) Spiritual reform and increase power of papacy to strip power from Emperor (Henry IV) Church was supreme spiritual and secular power Church was supreme spiritual and secular power Conflict was over lay investitures Conflict was over lay investitures Henry IV appointed bishops of German churches even those the pope banned lay investitures in 1075. Henry IV appointed bishops of German churches even those the pope banned lay investitures in 1075. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV and attempted to get nobles to elect another emperor Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV and attempted to get nobles to elect another emperor

7. Imperial Submission Henry sought Gregory’s mercy and forgiveness Henry sought Gregory’s mercy and forgiveness Pope revoked Henry’s excommunication Pope revoked Henry’s excommunication Concordat of Worms (1122) Concordat of Worms (1122) Emperor could appoint bishops to fiefs Emperor could appoint bishops to fiefs Pope was given power to name bishops Pope was given power to name bishops Spiritual leadership to pope Spiritual leadership to pope Limited imperial power over German church Limited imperial power over German church Conflict continued between German emperors and the Papacy and Italian politics Conflict continued between German emperors and the Papacy and Italian politics

8. Fredrick I “Barbarossa”(1152-1190) Northern Italy known as Lombardy Increasing there independence from empire by wealthy merchant class Increasing there independence from empire by wealthy merchant class Strengthen rule by capturing Lombardy cities Strengthen rule by capturing Lombardy cities With help of Pope they formed Lombard League and defeated Fredrick and his army With help of Pope they formed Lombard League and defeated Fredrick and his army Peace settlement recognized Fredrick as overlord Peace settlement recognized Fredrick as overlord Cities were allowed to govern themselves Cities were allowed to govern themselves Cities were becoming independent Cities were becoming independent

9. Big Idea!!!! Uniting the German (Holy Roman Empire) could never be achieved Uniting the German (Holy Roman Empire) could never be achieved Emperors and Popes could never work together and the struggle kept them apart Emperors and Popes could never work together and the struggle kept them apart Each country remained small cites and feudal states Each country remained small cites and feudal states Northern Italy-Lombard cities Northern Italy-Lombard cities Central Italy-Papal States (controlled by the pope) Central Italy-Papal States (controlled by the pope) Southern Italy-Kingdom of Sicily Southern Italy-Kingdom of Sicily