1. Power of the Church, Lay Investiture Conflict and Challenges to Church Authority

2. Power of the Church Due to weak, decentralized political power in Europe, the Church becomes a powerhouse The meaning of Gelasius’ quote and the implications

3. Structure of the Church Hierarchy Papa Curia c. 1100Archbishops Lay Clergy _________________ Sacred Clergy _________________

4. The Church as a unifying force In what ways did the Church bring people together? Why was its presence so important to the people of the Middle Ages?

5. What aspects of life did the Church not control? How did the Church maintain its control over Europe?

6. Germany…in the Middle Ages First, Germany is not a country Second, Germany is not a nation Germany is numerous regions that share a Germanic ethnic heritage For a map of Germany in 962 A.D. click hereclick here For a trip though time, and the changing boundaries of Germany click here.click here

7. In the beginning… 936 –_______ became king of Germany, he limited the nobles power by teaming up with the ________. 962 – in reward of his service in protecting the pope, Otto I became _____________ ______________ (similar to Charlemagne) Resentment grew between the__________ and the German rule.

8. The Lay Investiture Conflict 1075 – Pope Gregory VII banned ____________ Definition: the act in which a temporal, earthly ruler appoints an official of the Church, namely bishops. 1075 – Henry IV, HRE (German), called a meeting and sent a letter to the pope saying that he was not the pope, but a false monk. HERESEY! 1076 – Pope Gregory VII ____________Henry IV, Henry decides to beg for forgiveness after his nobles sided with the pope. Pope also released all of Henry’s vassals from their feudal ______________

9. Henry defeated 1077 – Henry VI, powerless, travels to ________ to a castle where the pope was staying. Henry stood out in the snow with bare feet and wearing a hair shirt crying for mercy and __________. The ________ finally relents. Henry then returns to Germany Takes revenge on the ________ who abandoned him. *What’s a hair shirt, you ask? It is a a shirt made of rough animal hair worn next to the skin as a penance. Think pig’s hair woven into a shirt.

10. The Compromise 1122 – The _______________, the Church can choose its officials, but the emperor can veto the selection. The crucial compromise: Emperor gained control of the ________side of the church, but surrendered the spiritual. Conflict is given attention across ___________. Who has more power, Church or state?

11. Frederick and the Papacy 1152 – ___________ (Barbarossa) chosen as the German king. He named his territory the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick invaded rich Italian cities angering the pope who gained money from the cities. 1167 – Creation of the _____________ in order to fight against Frederick

12. The Battle 1176 – The Lombard League defeated Frederick I at the___________________. Mounted knights are __________for the first time in history. 1177 – Frederick I makes peace with Alexander III, the pope. Frederick’s power ________ in Germany 1190 – Frederick I dies, fragmenting Germany Why does Germany not unify during the Middle Ages?