1. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 6 Skeletal System

2. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Functions 1.Support/framework 2.Protect 3.Movement and anchorage 4.Mineral storage 5.Hemapoiesis (formation of RBC)

3. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions Framework/Support: body structure and shape Protection: for vital organs(brain, heart, etc.) Levers/Movement for attached skeletal muscles wk with muscular sys for mvmt*** –Tendons: attach muscle to bone –Ligaments: attach bone to bone Mineral storage: calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis (red and white blood cells)

4. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Structure and Formation of Long Bone © 2014 Cengage Learning.

5. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

6. Structure and Formation of Bone Osteocytes –Mature bone cell Organic material (flexibility) –Collagen –Jellylike material Inorganic material (hardness and durability)

7. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Growth Females grow until about 18 years of age Males grow until about 20-21 years of age

8. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Composition Cells Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum Osteocytes: mature bone cells within the bone Osteoclast: causes reabsorption of bone

9. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone tissue Mature bone cell Cells that Aid in Bone Formation

10. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Formation Skeleton fully formed by 2nd month of fetal development (all cartilage) After 8th week of fetal development ossification begins (mineral matter deposited and replaces cartilage) Childhood and adolescence: –ossification exceeds bone loss Early adulthood thru middle age: –ossification equals bone loss After age 35: –bone loss exceed ossification***

11. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long) Fetal Skeleton

12. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Bone

13. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Types Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Short bones Sesamoid bones

14. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long bones Found in the extremities Act as levers Examples: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges

15. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Short Bones Cube shaped Allows flexible movement Examples: –Carpals –Tarsals

16. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flat Bones Protect vital organs and provide broad surface area for muscle attachment Examples: –Cranial bones –Scapula –Sternum –Ribs

17. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Irregular Bones Peculiarly shaped to provide support and protection, yet allow flexibility Examples: –Vertebrae –Mandible

18. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sesamoid Bones Extra bones found in certain tendons Example: –Patella

19. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Classification of Bones

20. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. QUIZ Name the Bones & Type of Bone 1. 2. 4. 3. 5.

21. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of Long Bone Diaphysis –Shaft –Composed of compact bone Epiphysis –Ends of bone composed mostly of spongy bone Periosteum –outside covering of diaphysis Endosteum –Lines medullary cavity Arteries Articular cartilage Medullary cavity –Cavity inside the shaft –Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

22. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

23. Long Bones Shaft or diaphysis Each end is the epiphysis –Covered by articular cartilage In the center is the medullary canal –Yellow bone marrow –Endosteum (lining of the marrow canal)

24. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long Bones Red marrow –Ends of long bones –Manufactures red blood cells and some white blood cells Periosteum –Covering on the outside of the bone

25. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Marrow Red bone marrow –Found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, ends of humerus and femur –Produces: Erythrocytes – red blood cells Plateletes - thrombocytes – clotting cells Some leukocytes – white blood cells Yellow bone marrowYellow bone marrow –Found in medullary cavity of long bones –Fat storage

26. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Marrow Yellow marrow Medullary cavity of long bones Fat storage Red marrow Hematopoietic tissue In all cancellous bone in children In adults: cancellous bone of vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs, cranial bones, proximal ends of femur and humerus Forms RBCs, platelets, some WBCs, and destroys old RBCs and some foreign materials

27. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Divisions of the Skeletal System

28. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Axial skeleton –Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone Appendicular skeleton –Upper and lower extremities

29. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Axial Skeleton 22 bones of the skull 14 facial bones Spinal column (vertebra) Ribs and sternum

30. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts: Skull Vertebral Column Thorax

31. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. DID YOU KNOW… The giraffe, with its long neck, has the same number of cervical vertebra as a human…just much longer.

32. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.

33. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Skull © 2014 Cengage Learning.

34. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sutures- connects parietal bones to temporal bones

35. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fontanelle

36. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton Composed of 126 bones Includes bones of the: –Limbs (appendages) –Pectoral (shoulder) girdle –Pelvic (hip) girdle

37. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremities Shoulder girdle Arm Hand

38. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendicular Skeleton - Lower Extremities Pelvic girdle Upper leg Lower leg Ankle Foot

39. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Joints Called articulations –Points of contact between two bones 1.Synarthroses (immovable) joints 2.Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints 3.Diarthroses (movable) joints

40. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Classification 1.Synarthrotic: immovable - cranium 2.Amphiarthrotic: limited movement i.e. pubic symphysis, vertebral joints, sacroiliac joint 3.Diarthrotic: freely movable –Gliding: bones of the wrist –Pivot: between radius and ulna –Ball and socket: hip –Hinge: elbow

41. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3. Diarthroses Joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Gliding joints

42. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2. Amphiarthroses Joints Partially movable joints Cartilage between their articular surfaces Examples: –Ribs to the spine –Symphysis pubis

43. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1. Synarthroses Joints Immovable joints Connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue Example: –Adult cranium Cranial joints are called sutures

44. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction

45. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Motion Rotation Promation Supination

46. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints Bone mass and density decline External surfaces of the bones thicken Intervertebral cartilage disks shrink Center of balance is altered

47. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Aging of the Bones and Joints Joints less mobile Increased rigidity and decreased flexibility Fear of falling

48. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Skeletal System Diseases and Disorders Unit 6.3

49. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Bones and Joints Fracture –Greenstick –bent and split, incomplete break –Closed/simple –complete break of the bone with no damage to skin –Open/compound –bone breaks ruptures skin –Comminuted Two or more bones that are broken into smaller pieces 

50. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Bones and Joints © 2014 Cengage Learning.

51. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Repairing Fractures Closed reduction Open reduction Traction ( pulling forced used to get the bones in place) used for fx of long bones

52. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Bone and Joint Injuries Dislocation –bone is displaced from a joint Sprain –twisting action tears ligaments Hammer toe (toe that is curled or flexed) RICE Treatment –Rest –Ice –Compression –Elevation

53. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diseases of the Bones Arthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Osteoarthritis Gout Rickets

54. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Bone and Joint Injuries Slipped (herniated) disc Whiplash injury

55. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis (kye-FOH-sis) hunchback Lordosis (lor-DOH-sis) swayback Scoliosis –Side to side curvature PAGE 109 in book

56. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Disorders Osteoporosis (AKA: silent disease) –no symptoms until injury –Detrition of bone Osteomyelitis –Inflammation/infection of the bone Osteosarcoma –Bone cancer

57. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Arthritis (tx ASA & exercise) Two main types: –Rheumatoid –Osteo *Gouty Arthritis ( 1 st attack in the big toe)* too much uric acid

58. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Rheumatoid Chronic inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints More common in women Onset around age 35-45 Causes permanent deformity and immobility Early treatment is key Treatment: Rest, medications, steroids, surgery

59. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

61. Osteoarthritis Most common form Chronic result of aging Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited range of motion, No cure Treatment: Rest, anti-inflammatory medication,, steroid injections, hot/cold applications, and exercises

62. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

63. Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae Small fluid filled sacs around the joints Symptoms: Severe pain, fluid accumulation Treatment: pain meds, steroids rest, aspirating fluid, and physical therapy

64. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

65. Fracture-crack or break in bone Green stick- bent and split, incomplete break Simple/closed- complete break of the bone with no damage to skin Compound/open- bone breaks ruptures skin Impacted- broken ends jam into each other Comminuted- bone splinters into more than two pieces. Spiral- twist resulting in one or more breaks Depressed-skull moves inward common in head injuries Colles- breaking and dislocation of the radius (falling outstretched hand)

66. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

67. Reduction- proper alignment for healing –Closed reduction- cast or splint –Open reduction- surgical repair Dislocation- bone is displaced from a joint Sprain- twisting action tears ligamnets

68. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Osteomyelitis Bone infection and inflammation Symptoms: severe pain, fever chills, swelling Treatment: IV antibiotics

69. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

71. Osteoporosis Metabolic disorder caused by hormone deficiency Loss of calcium and phosphorus causes Bone density test Treatment: increased intake of Vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, exercise and estrogen replacement

72. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

74. Ruptured Disk (Herniated or ruptured disk) Padding between disk ruptures or protrudes out Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, immobility Treatment: rest, traction Physical therapy or massage

75. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.