1. Skeletal System
Unit E

2. Terminology Joint Medullary canal Ossification Osteocytes Periosteum
Abduction
adduction
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Ball and socket joint
Bursa
Circumduction
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Epiphysis
Extension
Flexion
Fontanel
Hemopoiesis
Joint
Medullary canal
Ossification
Osteocytes
Periosteum
Pronation
Rotation
Spongy bone
Supination
Suture
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Synovial fluid

3. Disorders and Related Terminology
Arthritis
Arthroscopy
Closed reduction
Dislocation
Fractures
Greenstick fracture
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Open reduction
Scoliosis
Sprain
Strain
Traction

4. Skeletal System 206 bones Functions Supports body and provides shape
Protects internal organs
Movement and anchorage of muscles
Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis-the process of blood cell formation in the red bone morrow!
Osteocytes –composed of microscopic mature bone cell

5. Bone Formation
Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage
Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head
8 weeks:
Ossification begins (mineral matter begins to replace cartilage
Infant bones soft because ossification is not complete

6. Sutures
The areas where cranial bones join together to form immovable joint (sutures) which allow firstly the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly postnatal brain growth.
Chewing involves what bone?

7. Structure of Long Bone Diaphysis – shaft Epiphyses – ends
Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells
Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

8. Structure of long Bone Continued
Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE bone) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS bone). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made
Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

10. The shaft of the long bone is?

11. The outer covering of the bone is?

12. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid
Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs
Ribs and sternum
Sternum divided into 3 parts (bottom tips is xiphoid process)
12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true ribs
Next three are false ribs
Next two are floating ribs

13. Bones of the skull, spine & chest make up the ?

14. Largest bone in the body?

15. What bones make up the pelvis?

16. Another name for breast bone?

18. Appendicular skeleton
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius and ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Tibia and Fibula
Patella
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
Metatarsals

20. The lower arm bone is located on the thumb side?
The medical term for the finger bones is?

22. Medical term for the knee cap?

23. If you damage ligaments, you will have a?
A sprain - is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. Muscular tears caused in the same manner are referred to as a strain.

24. Spine – Vertebral Column
Encloses the spinal cord
Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage
Intervertebral discs
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae
Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

25. muscles become paralysed

26. What cranial bone is at the rear of the skull that connects with the spinal column?

27. Vertebral Column

28. Joints
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement:
Diarthrosis – movable
Amphiarthrosis – partially movable
Synarthrosis – immovable
Articular cartilage – covers joint surface
Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints. The fluid that reduces friction during joint movement.
                                             

29. Types of Joints
What joint allows the greatest freedom of movement?

30. Types of Joints Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding
Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips
Hinge
Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers
Pivot
Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis
Gliding
Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine

31. Articular Cartilage
It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones.

32. Synovial Fluid
It’s a boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.

33. Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction
Rotation
Pronation
Supination

34. FLEXION
Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

35. Extension
A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.
If you go from a sitting position to a standing position, the joint action at the knee is extension!

36. Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body.
Adduction
A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

37. Circumduction
The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.

38. Rotation
A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. What movements occurs when you turn your head from side to side?

39. Pronation
A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

40. Supination
The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

41. Disorders of the Bones and Joints
Fracture- a break
Treated by:
Closed reduction- cast or splint applied
Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation)
Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place
Used for fractures of long bones

42. Fractures Closed or simple Open or compound Greenstick Comminuted
bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin
Open or compound
broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection
Greenstick
in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates
Comminuted
splintered or broken into many pieces
Spiral
bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

44. COMPOUND FRACTURE
A bone that breaks through the skin is?

45. Disorders Cont. Dislocation Sprain Radiology
Bone displaced from proper position in joint
Sprain
sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated
Radiology
X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of bones

46. Curvature of Spine Kyphosis Hunchback Lordosis Scoliosis Swayback
Lateral curvature

47. Bone Disorders
Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture.
Osteomyelitis – bone infection
Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

48. When bones becomes more porous, loses calcium & phosphorous they are likely to fracture.

49. Dx and Rx
Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens
Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint
Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

50. Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Microdiskectomy

51. Diseases of Bone
Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa (joint sac)

52. Diseases of Bone cont…
Arthritis An inflammation of one or more joints.
Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

53. Rheumatoid Arthritis
A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common

54. Bursitis

55. Rheumatoid arthritis
                                                
Osteoarthritis

56. Diseases of Bones cont.
Gout- Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

57. Whiplash
Trauma to the cervical vertebra

58. Herniated disc
Intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.

59. Rickets
Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.

60. Diseases of Bones Cont.
Osteomalacia – softening of bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium
Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes

61. Bone Marrow Aspiration

62. That the bones of it!