1. Copyright Notice!
This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission.

2. Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)
May 20-31, 2008
Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring
$1900 approximate cost
Scholarships Available!
For more information:
Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys
G113 or Planetarium EML

3. Quiz 6
Maximum score before adjustment was 93.9 (n=2)
So two question adjustment was applied to your quizzes.
The resulting average was 74.2 which was 3 points better than the Quiz 5 average.
The course average includes all papers graded and returned to you. The average of averages is This includes a couple of people who I think may have dropped.
1. Open up your Time Log to Today’s Green Page.
2. Hold it up until I signal you to put it down.
I’m looking to see who has not got the first column filled out!

4. Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation

5. Homeostasis - metabolism
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
Photoheterotroph
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes!
Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

6. How do Archaea tolerate the heat?
Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids
Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour!
DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.
DNA supercoiling by reverse gyrase reduces denaturation
Sac7d in Sulfolobus is a minor groove protein increases the melting temperature by 40°C
Histone-like proteins help stabilize DNA as well
Heat-resistant di-bi-phytanyl diether lipid membranes (monolayer) prevent delamination of membrane

7. Cell Membrane Structure
Composed of diglycerides
R group may be phosphate, sulfate, or sugar
Long chain branched hydrocarbon (not fatty acid)
Hydrocarbons may be C20 or C40
If C20, the membrane is a bilayer: O R
If C40, the membrane is a monolayer O R
In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer

8. Thermus aquaticus Gram negative bacterium (not archaeon)
Thermophile isolated from
Yellowstone Hot Spring
Optimum temperature 85°C
Stability of macromolecules excellent
Enzymes for research or commercial use
Taq polymerase is the enzyme of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Lives near cyanobacteria which feed Thermus
ag_franceschi/franceschi-projects-30S.html

9. √ Which of these metabolic pathways is Thermus demonstrating?
Photoautotrophism
Photoheterotrophism
Chemoautotrophism
Chemoheterotrophism √
Hint:
Organic chemicals for energy
Organic chemicals for carbon

10. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

11. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

12. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
So what is this eukaryotic color code all about?
Original Cell

13. How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism?
Pseudopodia
Endosymbiotic
bacteria
Pelomyxa palustris
Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
Uroid
Accumulate glycogen reserves
At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!
Glycogen body
How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism?
Vacuoles

14. How would you describe the metabolism?
Euglena gracilis
Posterior extension
Mitochondrion
Pyrenoid
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Paramylon grain
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
(not shown)

15. How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism?
Trypanosoma gambiense
Blood-borne parasite
Nucleus
Flagellated undulating cell
Flagellum
Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts
Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness
How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism?

16. Amoeba proteus A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Amoeba proteus
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell.
How would you describe the amoeba’s nutritional mode?
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Pseudopodia
How would you describe the prey’s nutritional mode?

17. How would you describe stentor’s nutritional mode?
Stentor polymorphus
Funnel-shaped protist
Cytostome rim is ciliated
Food swept into alveolus
Cilia
Contractile vacuole
Nucleus
How would you describe stentor’s nutritional mode?
Holdfast
Micronucleus
Macronucleus

18. Oral groove not shown (on back side)
Cilia
Paramecium caudatum
Cell Membrane
A ciliated protist
Trichocysts
Oral groove not shown (on back side)
Mitochondrion
in cytosol
Micronucleus
Paramecium bursaria
Macronucleus
Contractile
Vacuoles
Food
Vacuoles
Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic (at least functionally so)

19. Obviously both photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic!
Ectocarpus siliculosus
Marine haploid filamentous thallus with true branching.
Produces haploid gamete by mitosis in gametangium:
gametangium
chloroplasts
Kingdom Chromista
Obviously both photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic!

20. Chemoheterotrophic only!
A water mold, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the potato blight that led to crop failure, starvation, and emigration of the Irish population in the 1840s.
Kingdom Chromista
Chemoheterotrophic only!

21. Porphyridium Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Both chemoheterotrophic
And photoautotrophic!
Nucleus
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole

22. Only Photoautotrophic?
Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast
(Cell wall was digested off by cellulase)
cell membrane
import/export
chloroplast
photosynthesis
nucleus
transcription
replication
vacuole
toxic waste processing
cytosol
fermentation glycolysis
Only Photoautotrophic?

23. TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell?

24. Plant mitochondrion matrix outer membrane inner membrane cristae
(mesosomes)
TEM or SEM?

25. Chemoheterotrophic only!
Animal Cell: Pancreatic cell
endoplasmic reticulum
internal transport
80S ribosome
translation
nucleus
transcription, replication
RNA
Chemoheterotrophic only!
DNA
cytosol
glycolysis, fermentation
zymogen granule
protein storage
enzyme secretion
mitochondrion
Krebs, ETS, ox. phos.

26. Chemoheterotrophic only!
Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi?
Mitosis nearly complete
Cytokinesis via furrowing (budding!) ?
Cell wall: chitin not cellulose
Chemoheterotrophic only!