1. Centralizing Power Medieval England and France

2. William the Conqueror 1066-1087)  Illegitimate son of Robert Duke of Normandy  Married Mathilda, daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders  Brought archers and cavalry to claim English throne; Harold’s infantry had neither  Crowned king Christmas Day 1066  Half brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux serves as regent when William absent

3. Henry I (1100-1135)  Younger brother of William Rufus (II)  Crowned three days after brother’s death in a hunting accident  Nickname “Beauclerc” indicates he had received some learning possibly in preparation for career in the church  Legitimate sons drowned; succeeded by nephew Stephen since barons opposed to female ruler (daughter Matilda)

4. Henry II (1154-1189)  Spent only 13 years in France; 21 on the continent  Ruled an empire from Scotland to the Pyrenees  Died in France fighting his son Richard who had joined forces with the French King

5. Richard the Lionheart (1189-1199)  Went on crusade 1190  Captured by the Holy Roman Emperor and held for ransom  150,000 silver marks  John’s efforts to seize the crown blocked by Eleanor of Aquitaine

6. John (1199-1216)  Nicknamed Lackland and Soft sword  Excommunicated in 1209  Forced to sign Magna Carta as peace treaty ending rebellion of barons  England is in Civil War when John dies; barons have asked French king to rule

7. British Hat Rack Nobility  English lords supporting Harold lose lands  Barons swear direct allegiance to WI  W grants fiefs to Normans but they must secure his permission to fortify castles Land William conquers England Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitane English kings involved in hundreds of years of war trying to hold lands in France Military  William the Conqueror ToP  William’s heirs follow in his footsteps Economy  William’s Domeday Book  Henry I sets up tax collectors behind checkered tables – Chancellor of the Exchequer  Edward secures support of Parliament to  raise taxes Religion  Henry II appoints Thomas Beckett Archbishop of Canterbury; may have been responsible for his murder  Issue: extent to which churchmen are subject to King’s courts Bureaucracy  Henry I institutes bureaucracy names those loyal to him Judiciary  Henry II institutes jury system  Henry II sends royal judges all over England once a year  Beginnings of a unified body of law –Common law

8. Hugh Capet (987-996)  Chosen instead of the last Carolingian  Spent much of is reign fighting  Ruled with son Robert  Gave away his lands to secure the dynasty

9. Philip II (Augustus) 1165-1223  More than doubled domains of French king  Fought major barons and won before taking on John  Began the building of Notre Dame  Walled the city of Paris

10. Louis IX (the Pious) (1226-1270)  Curbed private feudal warfare  Encouraged use of Roman law  Went on 7 th Crusade 1248; stayed in the Holy Land until 1254  Helped to fortify cities  Died on 8 th crusade

11. Philip IV (The Fair) 1285-1314  Arrested Jews and seized their assets  Levied a 50% tax on clergy’s income  Arrested Knights Templar and may have seized their significant treasury  Trying to pay for the costly crusades of his predecessors in part and for the increased cost of war  Expands bureaucratic model

12. French Hat Rack Nobility  Tough to control since so many are more powerful than the French kings  Capetians build bureacracy to outmaneuver and build their lands through marriage and conquest Land  Capetian lands not extensive but sit across trade routes  Philip II (Augustus) triples lands controlled by Capetians through conquest, becoming more powerful than his nobles Military  Philip Augustus successfully fights King John (Lackland, Softsword) of England regaining Normandy ToP  Hugh Capet surprises everyone –he and his heirs produce baby boys who live Economy  Bailiffs collect taxes (PII)  Philip IV insists on collecting taxes from the Church that had previously paid no tax  Gets backing for this policy from Estates General Religion  Philip IV defies Pope Boniface VIII (clearly unafraid of excommunication or interdict – gets backing from Estates General  Captures the Pope  Manipulates the election of French pope who moves papacy to Avignon for 100 years Bureaucracy  Philip II sets up beginnings of the French bureacracy when he creates royal officials to serve the courts and collect taxes Judiciary  Bailiffs serve in royal courts  Royal courts of appeal set up by Louis IX  Weakens ties to lords who formerly set up courts