1. American Civil War (1861 – 1865)

2. Themes Compare and contrast North and South
Highlight some of the important battles of the Civil War and life for soldiers

3. President Lincoln
Seven states had seceded; many thought he could not handle the situation that was presented to him
Lincoln: Morally opposed to slavery and did not support its spread but would not interfere where it was legal
Affirmed authority over all U.S. territory in states that had seceded from the Union
Result: Conflict

4. Fort Sumter (April 1861)
Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was low on supplies
Lincoln informed South Carolina’s Governor he was sending food and supplies in an unarmed ship
Confederate soldiers attacked the fort
Lincoln request 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion
No casualties; however war had begun
After battle four more states seceded:
- Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas

5. Secession (1861)

6. Responses to Secession
Some in Virginia were opposed towards the idea of secession
People from western counties in Virginia chose a new governor and applied for statehood in the Union
Debate also was strong in Tennessee
Both states would eventually join the Confederacy

7. Confederate States of America (1861-1865)
States: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas
Constitution: States’ rights and protection of slavery in new territories
President: Jefferson Davis (Sen. of Mississippi & former Secretary of War 53-57)
Capital: Richmond, VA

8. Border States
Border States – Slave states that remained loyal to the Union
Included: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia

9. Secession (1861)

10. Lincoln and Border States
Following confrontation in Baltimore, the area became occupied by soldiers
Lincoln suspended writ of habeas corpus
- Confederates could be jailed without charges indefinitely

11. Northern Advantages Population: North: 23 states and 22 million
South: 11 states 9 million (5.5 million whites)
Industrial Production and Transportation:
North: 90% of industrial capacity and 71% of railroad mileage
South: 10% of industrial capacity and 29% of railroad mileage
Ex. 97% nation’s potential capacity for firearms
Farm Acreage:
North: 75% of nation’s farms
South: 25% of nation’s farms

12. Union Strategies Initial Strategy: Anaconda Plan
Blockade of Southern ports
Major campaign to control Mississippi River in order to cut Confederacy in half
*Plan seemed great but Lincoln did not have the man power to see it through*

13. Southern Advantages “Home Court Advantage”
Most fighting took place in the South
Concrete War Aims
South fought to preserve their way of life
Southern life a little over 3 centuries old
North fought to preserve the Union
Officers
Many of the best officers fought with the Confederacy
King Cotton

14. King Cotton
Years before the Civil War, Southern cotton was traded to majority of European nations
75% of all raw cotton in Great Britain’s factories came from South
Since 1800, cotton in the South will double almost every 10 years
Southerners gambled the British would intervene
Why did “King Cotton” fail?
British factories had surpluses of raw cotton
Cotton was imported from Egypt and India
Emancipation Proclamation: war to free slaves

15. Early War 1861-62 Many leaders thought the war could be short
Battle of Bull Run (June 1861)
Union forces led by Gen. McDowell against Confederated led by Gen. Beauregard
Many people looked upon the battle at a distance
Union forces were initially successful
However, Confederate reinforcements (Stonewall Jackson) arrived and routed Union troops

16. 1st Battle of Bull Run (Impact)
Union troops were determined never again to be humiliated in battle
Boosted confidence of Confederate forces
South now believed the war would be over very shortly

17. Early War
Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan who created Army of the Potomac
Transformed unorganized troops into disciplined army
Remained cautious during fighting in the East

18. Shiloh (April 1862) War in the west
Union forces were led by Ulysses S. Grant
planned an attack on a railroad near the border of Tennessee
However, Confederates staged a surprise attack on Grant

19. Shiloh

20. Shiloh
Initially Confederate forces were successful and began to push the Union back
Once reinforcements arrived, the Union will then take over the battle field
Casualties: over 23,000 soldiers

21. Antietam/Sharpsburg

22. Antietam/Sharpsburg Confederates led by Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland
Supplies were needed
Hoped to have their “Saratoga”
If Confederates win the battle, they might receive recognition and foreign aid from European nations

23. Antietam/Sharpsburg
Tactically a draw’; strategically a Union victory as the invasion was halted
Bloodiest single-day of fighting in the war
(24,000 casualties)

24. Antietam/Sharpsburg (Impact)
Antietam- diplomatic victory
Lincoln reconsidered his views of the war and slavery
Was against slavery but did not support abolition
Drafted a proclamation to free slaves, but waited for a Union victory

25. Emancipation Proclamation
Five days after the Battle of Antietam
Freed slaves residing in states in rebellion against the Union
Did not free slaves in states loyal to the Union
January 1, 1863
Lincoln maintained support of border states, yet it pushed them closer to emancipation
Transform war aims:
- Union soldiers now fought to free slaves

26. Enrollment Act (1863) Men 20-45 were eligible for draft
Draftee could hire a Substitute to serve in his place
Draftee could also pay $300 to avoid service
*Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight

27. Draft Riots: New York City (July 1863)
Working-class white men rioted and targeted:
Well-dressed white men, African Americans, and supporters of war
Several were injured; at least six blacks were lynched

28. Confederate Draft (1862) Similar to North’s “Enrollment Act”
Twenty Negro Law:
Provided exemption for owners of 20 or more slaves
Created resentment among Southerners

29. Draft results Draftees: Union 48,000 Confederate 120,000 Total size

30. African Soldiers African Americans enlisted in Union Army after 1862
Over 180,000 served
Fought in segregated units and lower pay

31. Civil War Soldiers Camp life was boring, but diseases could be deadly
Food for Union troops:
Beans, salted pork, pickled beef, hard-tack
Clothes were often supplied by the U.S. Sanitary Commission
- Huge civilian organization that coordinated the efforts of thousands of women’s groups to buy and distribute clothing, food and medicine
Food for Confederate troops:
Bacon and cornmeal
Food and clothing were often short in supply
Brutality of combat transformed Union and Confederate soldiers

32. Civil War Soldiers Medical care often involved amputations
Possibly 30% of amputees died following surgery due to infection

33. Civil War Soldiers Prisoner of War Camps often had poor conditions
Andersonville held over 30,000
Designed for 10,000
About 14,000 Union POWs died

34. War Continues (1863-65) Victory began to seem dim for the North
Confederates defeated Union troops at Chancellorsville May 1863
Lee however will lose “Stonewall” Jackson
Union forces were unable to capture Vicksburg
Lee proposed an invasion of the North in 1863

35. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863)
Confederate forces (now in the North territory) engaged with Union troops (led by Gen. Meade) at a small town in Pennsylvania
Battle took place over 3 days
Union troops defended Cemetery Ridge
Pickett attacked Union center July 3rd
“Pickett’s charge” a huge defeat for the Confederates

36. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863)
Gettysburg was bloodiest engagement of the war
Over 50,000 Union and Confederate casualties
Robert E. Lee lost half his army

37. Vicksburg (May – July 1863)
Vicksburg fell to Union troops following a 2 month siege
Soon after Union forces controlled the Mississippi
The “tide turned” in favor of the Union

38. War Continues (1863-65) Robert E. Lee vs. Ulysses S. Grant
Both veterans of Mexican War
Lee was given position of Gen of Union Army but he succeeded
Battles at: The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Five Forks
ALL loses for Lee

39. Atlanta (September 1864) Atlanta fell to Union troops led by Sherman
Atlanta was the industrial capital of the South
Helped Lincoln win re-election
Prior to election Lincoln was criticized by Democratic candidate McClellan and radicals in his own Republican Party during the election

40. Sherman’s March
Once Sherman took Atlanta his troops marched towards Savannah then to Raleigh
Everywhere Sherman went he burnt down crops, towns, and homes
“Scorched Earth”
- Break the South’s will to fight

41. Appomattox (April 1865) Lee vs. Grant
Lee retreated from Petersburg; low on men and supplies
Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865
Terms of surrender
Confederates could return home
Within weeks other Confederate forces had surrendered

42. Battle of Palmito Ranch (May 13, 1865)
Location: Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, Texas
Union: most forces had already pulled out of south Texas
Confederates: stationed in Brownsville to protect their supply lines
Mexicans: sided with the Confederates
Battle is recorded as a Confederate victory

43. Death of a President (April 1865)
April 14, 1865 while attending a play, Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln died the next day

44. Results of the Civil War (1861-1865)
Slavery ended – how is the government going to address the status of over 4 million blacks
More than 600,000 Americans died
- more than WWII, WWI, Vietnam, Korean, Mexican, Revolutionary, 1812 combined
3. Much of the South was destroyed- how would it be rebuilt

45. Andrew Johnson
Johnson will now take over presidential duties after the death of Abraham Lincoln
Being a southern Democrat, Johnson is going to have a difficult time with Radical Republicans throughout the Reconstruction Era

46. Advantaged of North and South on eve of war
Outlined key battles of the war