1. The Civil War

2. President Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861
Read his First Inaugural Address & determine the following how the following groups might have reacted:
Secessionists
Non-secessionists
Compromise proponents
Unionists
Abolitionists

3. President Lincoln

4. President Lincoln
Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery & did not support its spread (Crittenden Amendments)
However, he said that he would not interfere with the institution where it was already legal (1st Inaugural Address)
He also asserted his authority over all US territory in states that had seceded from the Union (1st Inaugural Address)

5. Fort Sumter South Carolina’s Fort Sumter needed food & supplies
Lincoln informed SC’s governor that he was sending provisions in an unarmed ship
Confederate forces attacked the fort before the ship could reach it
The American commander surrendered the next day
While no one was killed, it did mark the beginning of the war
Lincoln requested 75,000 volunteers to help suppress the rebellion
Four more states seceded

6. Map of Secession

7. Responses to Secession
Some in Virginia were opposed to secession
People in the western counties of VA chose a new governor & applied for statehood in the Union (WV – 1863)
Debate was also strong in Tennessee

8. Confederate States of America
States – SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, NC, TN, AR
Constitution – Emphasized states’ rights & the protection of slavery in any newly acquired territories
President – Jefferson Davis
Capital – Richmond, VA

9. Border States
Refers to slave states that remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War
Included DE, MD, KY, MO, & eventually WV
Following a confrontation in Baltimore, the area was occupied & habeas corpus was suspended
Confederates could be arrested & jailed without charges indefinitely

10. Resources for War

11. Union Startegies
The initial Union strategy was developed by General Winfield Scott
Known as the Anaconda Plan
Called for a blockade of southern ports & the capture of the Mississippi River
Lincoln did attempt to establish a blockade, but did not have the manpower to capture & control the Mississippi River

12. The Anaconda Plan

13. Southern Advantages “Home Court” Advantage Concrete War Aims
Most of the fighting took place in the South, forcing North to travel & maintain long supply lines
Concrete War Aims
The South was fighting to preserve their way of life
The North was fighting to preserve the Union
Leadership
Many of the best officers in the US army fought with the Confederacy

14. Southern Society Southern society in 1861 was very stratified
Great Planters – 1% of the population: 20+ slaves
Small Farmers – 35-45% of the population: 0-5 slaves
Landless Whites – 20-25% of the population
Slaves – 35% of the population

15. King Cotton Southern cotton was traded to European nations
75% of all cotton used in British textile mills came from the American South
Southerners hoped that Britain & others would intervene
Why did King Cotton fail?
By 1861, British factories had a surplus of cotton
During the war, they were able to depend upon Egyptian & Indian cotton
The Emancipation Proclamation redefined the war

16. The Battle of Bull Run
The first major battle of the Civil War was fought on July 21, 1861
Union – Irvin McDowall
Confederate – P.G.T. Beauregard
Union forces were initially successful until Confederate reinforcements arrived under the command of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Union troops retreated in chaos

17. The Battle of Bull Run Casualties at Bull Run totaled 4,878 men
Union – 460 killed
Confederate – 387 killed
Union forces & civilians feared that an attack on Washington, DC was imminent
Both sides realized that the war was going to be longer & deadlier than anticipated

18. The Battle of Bull Run
As a result of his loss at Bull Run, Lincoln replaced McDowell with George McClellan who was named general-in-chief of all the Union armies
Able to transform the troops into a disciplined army
Remained cautious as fighting continued in the East

19. The Battle of Shiloh Took place on April 6-7, 1862
Union forces were led by Ulysses S. Grant who planned an attack on a railroad junction near the Mississippi / Tennessee border
Confederate forces then staged a surprise attack on Grant’s army

20. The Battle of Shiloh
Confederate forces were successful until Union reinforcements arrived the next day
The battle was the bloodiest in American history up to that time
Casualties totaled 23,4746
Union – 1,754 killed
Confederate – 1,728 killed

21. The Battle of Antietam Took place on September 17, 1862
Confederate forces were led by Robert E. Lee who invaded Maryland in hopes of gaining needed supplies & European recognition of the Confederacy
It was the first major battle to take place on Northern soil

22. The Battle of Antietam Tactically, the battle was a draw
Strategically, it was a Union victory as it stopped Lee’s invasion
The battle was the bloodiest single day of fighting in the war
Casualties totaled 24,000
Union – 2,108 killed
Confederate – 1,546 killed

23. The Battle of Antietam
Antietam was also an important diplomatic victory
Lincoln reconsidered his views concerning the war & slavery
As the war continued & the death tolls rose, Lincoln drafted a proclamation to free the slaves

24. The Emancipation Proclamation
Five days after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Freed the slaves residing in states in rebellion against the Union
Allowed Lincoln to maintain the support of the border states while pushing them closer to emancipation
Transformed the Union war aims
Further divided the Northern Democrats
Copperhead Democrats – Wanted an immediate end to the war & saw Lincoln as a tyrant
War Democrats – Demanded an aggressive policy towards the Confederacy & supported Lincoln

25. Enrollment Act (1863) Made all men, aged 20-45, eligible for the draft
Established a quota of new troops due from each congressional district
Draftees could hire someone else to serve in his place – substitution
Draftees could also pay $300 to avoid service – commutation
Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight

26. Draft Riots
The largest draft riots took place over three nights in NYC in July 1863
Working class white men targeted:
Wealthy white men
African Americans
Supporters of the war
At least 120 civilians were killed & about 2,000 more were injured

27. The War Continues Early in 1863, Union prospects seemed dim
May – Confederacy defeated a much larger Union force at Chancellorsville, VA
Confederates did suffer a setback when Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own troops

28. The Battle of Gettysburg
Summer of 1863 – Lee proposed an invasion of the North
Were able to seize much needed food & supplies as they moved through Union territory
July – Engaged with Union troops led by George Meade at Gettysburg, PA

29. The Battle of Gettysburg
The fighting at Gettysburg took place over three days
Union troops took up a defensive position along what was called Cemetery Ridge
Confederate troops attacked both flanks of the Union line
The largest attack came on July 3 when troops under the command of George Pickett moved to the center
Pickett’s famous “Last Charge” proved to be a tremendous defeat for the Confederates

30. The Battle of Gettysburg
The three days at Gettysburg were the bloodiest engagement of the Civil War
Total casualties – 50,000+
Union – 3,155 killed
Confederate – 4,708 killed
Nearly 1/3 of the Confederacy’s general officers were killed, wounded, or captured

31. The Siege of Vicksburg Took place from May-July 1863
After a 4 month siege, Union forces were finally able to capture the city
Soon after, they took control of the entire Mississippi River
Together, the Union victories at Gettysburg & Vicksburg are considered to be turning points in the war

32. The Atlanta Campaign
Atlanta fell to Union troops led by William Tecumseh Sherman in September 1864
Ordered that all military & government building be burned
The victory helped Lincoln win re-election that same year
Challenged by Democratic candidate George McClellan as well as radicals in his own Republican party

33. The Election of 1864

34. Sherman’s March
Following Lincoln’s victory, Sherman began his march to Savannah, GA
Moved at a rate of 10 miles per day, cutting a path of destruction 10 miles wide
Sherman’s ‘March to the Sea’ is often credited with breaking the South of its will to fight

35. Surrender at Appomattox
The battles involving Grant & Lee continued into 1865
As Lee retreated from Petersburg in March 1865, he had few supplies & only 35,000 men
Grant’s troops pressed on, finally forcing Lee to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

36. The Death of a President
Five days after Lee’s surrender, President Lincoln was shot while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, DC
He died the next day