1. Geography Handbook
pp. 1-13

2. Landforms Map Elements Bodies of Water Meridian Absolute location
Canyon
Basin
Cape
Cliff
Continent
Delta
Divide
Glacier
Highland
Hill
Island
Isthmus
Lowland
Mesa
Mountain
Mountain peak
Mountain range
Peninsula
Plain
Plateau
Valley
Volcano
Meridian
Absolute location
Elevation
Equator
Cultural feature
Latitude
Longitude
Map
Parallel
Physical feature
Prime Meridian
Relief
Sea level
Bay
Channel
Gulf
Lake
River
Sea
Sound
Source
Strait
Tributary
Downstream
Upstream
Harbor

3. 5 Themes of Geography Location Place Human/environment interaction
Movement
Regions

4. *6 Essential Elements* pp. 1-3
Element 1: The World in Spatial Terms
Where is a place located?
Location = a starting place
…awareness of the world around you
Element 2: Places and Regions
Place is not just geographic location
Place includes physical characteristics (mountains, lakes, etc)
regions: places grouped together by common characteristics

5. Element 3: Physical Systems
how hurricanes, volcanoes, etc. shape the earth’s surface
plants’ and animals’ dependence on each other and their surroundings

6. Element 4: Human Systems
the way people shape the earth
Boundaries
Settlement patterns
Movement of people ideas and goods

7. Element 5: Environment and Society
Relationship between people and their natural surroundings

8. Element 6: Uses of Geography
Understanding relationships among people, places, and environments over time
Understand the past (written records, artifacts, fossils) and prepare for the future

9. USING MAPS AND GLOBES (p. 4)
Hemispheres:
Imaginary lines that criss-cross the globe and are used to locate places on Earth
Equator: (east to west)—circles the globe like a belt
Divides Earth into “half spheres” or hemispheres
North of the equator = N. Hemisphere
South of the Equator = S. Hemisphere

10. Hemispheres (cont.) Prime Meridian: Runs from north to south
Divides the earth into “half spheres” or hemispheres in the other direction
Everything E. of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees = E. Hemisphere
Everything W. of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees = W. Hemisphere

11. Latitude and Longitude
Crisscross globes and maps
Help easily locate places
Form pattern called a grid
Latitude:
Parallels (latitude lines) circle Earth parallel to the equator in
Measure distance N. or S. of the equator in degrees
Equator = 0 degrees latitude
North Pole = 90 degrees N
Longitude/Meridians:
Circle the the earth from pole to pole
Measure dostamces East or West of the starting line (Prime Meridian)
Prime Meridian = 0 degrees longitude
Absolute location:
Possible because of grid formed by latitude and longitude lines
Place located at a specific crossing of latitude and longitude

13. Globes to Maps (p. 6) Globe-round scale model of Earth
Gives a true picture of the relative sizes of landmasses and bodies of water
Accurately show distance and direction
Map-flat drawing of all or part of the earth’s surface
Show small areas in great detail: political boundaries, population densities, and voting returns

14. Globe to map challenges:
Difficult to draw round surface to flat map
Cartographers (mapmakers) use math formulas to transfer info to map
Distortion occurs
Solution=great circle: imaginary line that follows the curve of the earth
Example: line drawn along the equator
great circle route- traveling along the great circle
used by pilots because it is the shortest distance between cities
Map: route doesn’t appear to be shortest distance
Globe: route appears as shortest route

16. Mapmaking Technology
GIS (geographic information systems): software that layers data from satellite images printed text, and statistics

17. Mapmaking Technology
GPS (global positioning system): helps locate places based on coordinates broadcast by satellites

18. Common Map Projections
projections:-ways of showing Earth on a flat piece of paper
Goode’s Interrupted Equal Area: shows continents close to their true shapes and sizes
Helpful to compare land areas among continents

19. 2. Robinson Projection:
Minor distortions
E. and W. are close to globe
North Pole and South Pole are most distorted

20. 3. Winkel Tripel Projection: good overall view of continents’ shapes

21. Mercator Projection: shows direction and size pretty well, but areas far from the equator are very distorted

22. Parts of Maps map key-explains lines symbols and colors
Example: =city; =capital city
scale bar:

23. Compass Rose: symbol that tells cardinal directions (N, S, E, W)

24. Map Types (p. 9-10)
General Purpose: wide range of general information (physical and political)
Physical maps: show landforms and water features
Relief: flat or rugged land
Elevation: height of an area above sea level
Political Maps: show names and boundaries of states/countries
Cities, human made features

25. Map Types (p. 9-10) Cont.
Contour Maps: physical map that shows elevation
Contour lines-one for each level of elevation
Special Purpose Maps (thematic maps): specific topics in detail
Climate, population density, battle sites

26. Physical Map

27. Political Map

28. Contour Map

29. Special Purpose Maps

30. Charts and Graphs Study Charts and Graphs Pages 11-13
Coming Soon Chart/Graph Activities!!