1. Industry and transportation

2. National Road Connect Potomac River with the Ohio Rivers
Allowed Americans access to settling in the West
Turnpikes: paid roads that connected to National Road

3. Robert Fulton
Steamboats allowed goods and people to be carried upstream
Fulton was first to be credited with inventing first successful steamboat engine on the Hudson River

4. Erie Canal Canal: man-made river
Governor Clinton of New York asked state legislature for $7 million for Erie Canal
Connect New York City to Lake Erie

5. Industrial Revolution
Began when entrepreneurs developed machines for jobs that were once done by hand
Machines powered by steam or moving water

6. Samuel Slater Built first water powered textile mill
Owned thirteen total textile mills
Textile: process of making cotton into flexible fabric

7. Francis Cabot Lowell
Built first fully operational mill that made all parts of cloth in Boston
Machines increased pace of work
Division of labor in factories formed

8. Lowell Mill Girls
Women usually took jobs in the mills to make decent living
Would live in boarding houses
Terrible living conditions, long hours
Led to strikes (employees walking out)
With increased immigration, system of mill girls died out

9. Eli Whitney Interchangeable Parts
Identical parts used to replace broken ones
Improved factory efficiency
Cotton boom increases slavery with invention of the Cotton Gin

10. Samuel Morse
Invented the electric telegraph
Developed Morse Code

11. Immigration
Tariff of 1816: promoted buying of American products: increased production
Factories built more in the North because of available capital and cheap labor
Immigrants from Ireland and Germany come in the millions
Most immigrants are poor

12. Nativists
Protestants in America are upset that Catholics from Germany and Ireland are creating competition for jobs
Nativists want laws to discourage immigration into the United States

13. Labor Unions With increased labor force, factory owners reduced wages
Little experience and training needed in factory jobs
Workers formed labor unions
Biggest weapon was going on strike