1. Plants

2. What is a Plant? Multicellular eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose
Photosynthetic
Non-motile

3. What is required for survival?
Sunlight
Water
Minerals
Gas exchange
Movement of water and nutrients

4. Basics Parts Leaves Roots Stem – Gametophyte/ sporophyte
Light collectors for photosynthesis
Roots
Absorb water and minerals
Stem –
Contains vascular tissues
Xylem – tube used to move water
Phloem – tube used to move food (nutrients)
Gametophyte/ sporophyte
reproduction

5. Plant Life Cycle
Two alternating phases called the “alternation of generations”
Diploid phase – aka sporophyte phase
Plant produces spores
Haploid phase – aka gametophyte phase
Plant produces gametes through meiosis
Gametes fuse during fertilization to create a new plant

7. Groups of Plants - Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Depend on water for reproduction
Sperm has to swim to egg
Lack vascular tissue – rely on osmosis for transport of water
Typically only a few centimeters tall

8. Moss

9. Liverworts

10. Hornworts

11. Groups of Plants – Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Contains vascular system – xylem and phloem – to move water and nutrients
Can grow much taller and more upright
Requires water for reproduction

12. Ferns

13. Club Moss

14. Horsetails

15. Groups of Plants – Seed Plants
Two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Reproduction free of water
Flowers, cones – seed-bearing structures
Pollen
Contains sperm and is carried by wind or animals
Lands on female structure – called Pollination
Seeds protect embryos and provide a food source

16. Gymnosperms - “Naked Seed”
Cone-bearers: includes gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers
Reproduction takes place within cones
Pollen cones – produces pollen grains
Seed cones – produce ovules (eggs)
Pollen is typically carried by wind to a seed cone
Seed cone contains a sticky secretion to “catch” the pollen to ensure pollination

17. Gymnosperms - “Naked Seed”
Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg fuse creating a zygote
Zygote develops into an embryo and develops within a seed
Seed Cone
Pollen Cone

18. Gymnosperms

19. Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
All reproductive structures are contained in flowers
Every flower contains male structures that create pollen and female structures that create ovules
Rely on animals for pollination, rather than wind
Create fruit to protect seed

20. Angiosperms

21. Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel veins
Branched veins
Flowers
Flower parts in 3s
Flower parts in 4s or 5s
Stems
Vascular bundles scattered
Vascular bundles in a ring
Roots
Fibrous roots
taproot

22. Angiosperms - Flowers Flowers have 4 specialized parts
Sepals – leaf-like structure of flower
Enclose the bud before it opens and protect developing flower
Petals – colorful part of flower
Used to attract pollinators
Stamen – male structure
Anther – produces pollen
Filament – supports anther

23. Angiosperms - Flowers Carpel (aka Pistil) – female structure
Ovary – contains ovules (eggs)
Stigma – sticky portion of carpel – catches pollen
Style – supports stigma; contains a tube that allows sperm to travel from stigma to ovary

25. Angiosperms - Fruit
As seeds mature, the ovary walls thicken to form fruit that encloses the seed
A fruit applies to any seed that is enclosed within its embryo wall – so vegetables would also be considered fruit in this case
Huge advantage in dispersal
How?