1. England & France Develop

2. The growth of towns and villages and the break up of the feudal system led to a more centralized government.
This paved the way for nations to develop
England and France were the earliest nations to form with a strong unified government.

3. England
Many different groups invading Europe landed on the shores of England.
In 1016, King Canute conquered England and brought the groups of people together as one.
In 1066, William the Conqueror of Normandy, took over England and claimed the crown.

4. Battle of Hastings: The Normans win!
October 14, 1066: The Normans and the Anglo-Saxons fought a battle that changed the course of English History
Battle of Hastings: The Normans win!
William declares all of England his personal property
Unifies and controls lands
Lays the ground for centralized government in England

5. England: Henry II English kings has 2 goals
Hold and add to their French lands
Strengthen their power over the Nobles & the Church
Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine of France and adds to the English properties
Henry now has loyalty to the French King, but he was also a king…..

6. Henry II Cont’d Ruled England from 1154-1189
Strengthened royal courts of justice
Introduced use of a jury in English courts
Over time create a unified body of law called common law

7. The Magna Carta Richard the Lion-Hearted succeeded Henry II.
He died, and his brother John takes over
John rules from
Failed as a military leader (John Softsword)
Lost Normandy and all the lands in northern France
He mistreated subjects, tried to get money out of them
Alienated the Church
Threatened to take away self-government
Raised taxes

8. Magna Carta Cont’d (Great Charter)
The Nobles revolted and forced John to agree to a document called the Magna Carta
Drawn up by English nobles
Guaranteed certain basic political rights
No taxation without representation
Right to a jury trial
Right to the protection of the law

9. The Model Parliament Edward the I Needed to raise taxes for a war
1295: summons 2 representatives from each borough, and 2 knights from every county to serve as a parliament (legislative group)
Called Model Parliament because the new idea of including commoners and lords served as a model for later kings

10. France Kings looking for ways to increase their power
1000: France divided into about 47 feudal territories
987: last member of the Carolingian family died
Hugh Capet succeeded him
Family only ruled a small territory, but Paris was at the heart of this territory
Hugh Capet began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled from 987 to 1328.

11. Philip II One of the most powerful Capetians Ruled from 1180-1223
Goal: weaken the power of English kings in France
Seized Normandy from King John in 1204
By he end of his reign he has tripled the lands under his control
Becomes more powerful than his nobles
Wanted stronger Central government

12. Louis IX Philip’s grandson, rules from 1226-1270 Pious & saintly
Created French appeals court
Strengthened monarchy while weakening feudal ties

13. Philip IV 1285-1314 Fought with pope over taxes and control
Includes commoners in meetings with his lords and bishops to gain more support against the pope

14. Estates General First Estate: church leaders
Second Estate: great lords
Third Estate: commoners, wealthy land owners, merchants
Helped increase royal power over the nobles
Did not limit the kings power

15. Beginnings of Democracy
Centralized government governing widespread lands
Common law
Court systems
Including commoners in government decision making