1. Geography handbook and Tools of the historian

2. 5 Themes of Geography Location Place Human/Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

3. Six Essential Elements
The World in Spatial Terms—Where is it? Location. Location. Location.
Places and Regions—Describes what a place is like using physical and human characteristics
Physical Systems—Events that shape the earth’s surface as well as how plants/animals depend upon nature for survival
Human Systems—Looks at how boundary lines as well as people, goods, & ideas shape the world
Environment and Society—Investigates how people use their environment and how their actions affect the environment
The Uses of Geography—Helps us understand the relationships among people, places, and environments over time.

4. Six Essential Elements
The World in Spatial Terms—Create a map that shows the route you travel from home to school.
Places and Regions—Describe a favorite city, state, or country using physical characteristics and customs.
Physical Systems—Explain how a hurricane has affected the Southeastern U.S.’s population and economy.
Human Systems—Describe 2 reasons why people move to different places.
Environment and Society—Identify 1 positive and 1 negative way people have modified our environment.
The Uses of Geography—How do businesses use geography?

5. Using Maps and Globes Geographers divide the earth into hemispheres.
The Equator circles the middle of the earth like a belt.
The Equator divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
Everything above the Equator is north.
Everything below the Equator is south.

6. Using Maps and Globes
The Prime Meridian runs vertically from the North Pole to the South Pole.
The Prime Meridian divides the earth into the eastern and western hemispheres.
Everything east of the Prime Meridian is the eastern hemisphere.
Everything west of the Prime Meridian is the western hemisphere.

7. Latitude and Longitude
Parallels are lines of latitude and circle the earth parallel to the Equator.
When you think latitude, think fatitude.
Parallels measure the distance north or south of the Equator in degrees.
The Equator is 0 degrees latitude; the North Pole is 90’ N latitude, and the South Pole is 90 degrees S latitude.
When determining the absolute location of a place, the line of latitude is written first.

8. Latitude and Longitude
Meridians are lines of longitude and circle the earth from North Pole to South Pole.
Meridians measure distances east or west of 0 degrees Longitude AKA the Prime Meridian.
The Prime Meridian runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England.
The Prime Meridian sets the time for each time zone in the world.

9. Time Zone Map

10. Time Zone Map Questions
If it is 5 pm in Kentucky, what time is it in Japan?
If it is 8 pm in Kentucky, what time is it in Hawaii?
If it is 9 am in Kentucky, what time is it in Italy?
If it is 12 pm in Kentucky, what time is it in Australia?

11. Absolute Location
Lines of latitude and longitude make it possible to find absolute location.
Lines of latitude and longitude form a grid system.
Only one place can be found at the point where a specific line of latitude crosses a specific line of longitude.
For example, the absolute location of Jackson, Kentucky is 37 degrees N latitude, 83 degrees W longitude or 37 N, 83 W.
Complete Latitude & Longitude Exercise 1 and turn in before class is over.

12. Political Map of Canada

13. Political Map of USA

14. Map of Northeastern US

15. From Globes to Maps
The most accurate way to depict the earth is using a globe.
A globe gives a true picture of the continents’ relative sizes and shapes of landmasses and bodies of water.
A map is a flat drawing of all or part of the earth’s surface.
Maps can show small areas in details as well as other items.

16. Great Circle Routes
A great circle is a line that follows the curve of the earth.
Traveling along a great circle is called following a great circle route.
Airline pilots use great circle routes because they are the shortest flight routes.
The idea of a great circle route shows 1 big difference between a globe and a map…a globe accurately shows circle routes whereas on a map the route between 2 points may not appear the shortest distance.

17. Common Map Projections
Goode’s Interrupted Equal Area Projection
Shows continents close to their true shapes and sizes.
Helpful to compare land areas among continents.

18. Common Map Projections
Robinson Projection has minor distortions showing land on the western and eastern sides much as it does on the globe.
Greatest distortion is at the North and South Poles. This is the type of map projection we used for latitude and longitude.

19. Common Map Projections
Winkel Tripel Projection gives a good overall view of the continents’ shapes and sizes.
Land areas are not as distorted at the North and South Poles as in Robinson projection.

20. Common Map Projections
Robinson versus Winkel Tripel

21. Common Map Projections
Mercator Projection shows true direction and land shapes accurately, but not size or distance.
Areas located far from the Equator are distorted. Example: Russia appears much larger than it is.

23. Types of Maps
2 General Purpose Maps are physical maps and political maps.
Physical maps depict landforms and water features as well as elevation.
Political maps show the names and boundaries of countries, the location of cities, and other human-made features of a place.

24. Types of Maps
Special purpose maps are made to present specific kinds of information usually showing themes or patterns.

25. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
A graph is a way of summarizing and presenting information visually. Each part of a graph gives useful info. 1st read a graph’s title to find out the subject. 2nd read the labels along the axes. One axis will tell what is being measured; the other axis will tell units of measurement. Bar graphs use wide bars to compare quantities of data visually. Line graphs use lines to show data that changes over a period of time.

26. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
Circle graphs are used to show how the whole of something is divided into parts. AKA pie graphs. Each slice represents a “slice” or % of the whole “pie.”

27. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
Charts represent facts and numbers in an organized way. They arrange data in rows and columns for easy reference.
1st read the title to find out the info the chart contains.
2nd read the labels at the top of each column and on the left side of the chart to understand the data the chart is measuring.

28. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
Pictographs are good for making comparisons.
Pictographs use rows of small pictures or symbols with each picture or symbol representing an amount.

29. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
A climograph combines a line graph and a bar graph to give an overall picture of long-term weather patterns in a particular place.

30. Using Graphs, Charts, & Diagrams
Diagrams are drawings that show steps in a process, point out the parts of an object, or explain how something works.
An elevation profile is a type of diagram that is helpful when comparing elevations or height of an area.

31. Geographic Dictionary
Turn to pages GH 14 and GH 15 in your textbook.
Please be familiar with these terms.