1. Unit 2: Early Modern Europe The Reformation
E.Q.1: What were the Causes for the reformation

2. Vocabulary Terms (E.Q.1)
Excommunication = act depriving a person from belonging to a church body or group
Hierarchy = a ranking of clergy, each subordinate to the rank above it :
* Pope
* Cardinal
* Archbishop
* Bishop
* Priest

3. Vocabulary
Dogma = something held as established opinion (but not necessarily correct)
Papacy= the office of the pope
Celibacy= avoidance of all sexual relations
Concubinage = people living together who are not legally married
Pilgrimage = a journey to a sacred place
Penance = show sorrow for committing a sin

4. Vocabulary
Relic = an object that remains behind but is valued because of its connection with a saint or a martyr
Simony = the practice of selling Church positions to the highest bidder
Indulgence = a Church pardon that removes punishment for sinful acts
Purgatory = state where souls that are not insured of salvation reside awaiting a final destination in heaven or hell.

5. What forms of corruption existed within the Church during the Late Middle Ages?
Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to obey the Church
Many priests were illiterate
Many clergy broke their vows of celibacy
Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure
Some clergy:
1) charged repentant Christians to see holy remains and objects (relics)
2) Sold church offices to the highest bidder (simony)
3) Sold indulgences

6. How was the power of the papacy weakened?
1. Babylonian Captivity ( )
Philip IV (France) quarreled with pope over his power to tax the clergy
Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V
Seven popes ruled the Church from Avignon, France
Many Christians thought these popes were only puppets of the French King

7. How was the power of the papacy weakened?
The Great Schism ( )
Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376
Italian pope elected but unstable
French cardinals elected a 2nd pope, Clement VII who moved back to France
Both Urban VI (Italy) and Clement VII (France) claimed to be the rightful pope
Many Christians questioned the authority of the papacy