1. Elements and Terms in Literature

2. Figurative Language  Metaphor a figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things without using words such as “like” or “as.”  Simile a figure of speech that compares two basically unlike things using words such as “like” or “as.”

3. Personification and Irony  Personification  Situational Irony  Situational Irony is the contrast between the intention or purpose of an action and its result.  Verbal Irony  Verbal Irony is the use of language to express the opposite of its literal meaning. It is often the writer's expression of awareness of a contrast between what is and what ought to be and used for the purpose of mockery or jest. A figure of speech that gives human qualities to an animal, object, or idea.

4. Imagery is an author's use of vivid and descriptive language to add depth to their work. It appeals to human senses to deepen the reader's understanding of the work. Sensory imagery - language that emphasizes sensory impressions. Descriptions that appeal to the sense of touch, taste, sight, sound, smell

5. Flashback Foreshadowing returning to a past event in a story. Ex.: “She heard the doomed man say – Look for me by moonlight; Watch for me by moonlight; I’ll com to thee by moonlight; a hint or clue of events to follow in a piece of literature. Ex.: “These are strange and breathless days, the dog days, when people are led to do things they are sure to be sorry for after.”

6. Complex Inferences   Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed.deriving logical conclusionspremises   The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence.

7. Author’s Purpose and Point of View  Author’s Purpose An author's purpose is the main reason an author decides to write about a specific topic. It might be to entertain people and make the laugh, to persuade or convince them to believe in some thing, or to inform about something.  Author’s Point of View When writing, authors must decide from what point of view they want to express their ideas. There are three different choices – first person, second person, and a variety of third choices – first person, second person, and a variety of third  person point of views. The type of pronouns and the genre can  be a clue when identifying the author’s point of view.

8. Author’s Tone  Reflects the author’s attitude toward his work. The tone involves the purpose and the point of view – Any human emotion can contribute to the author’s tone and can be inferred from clues through the use of humor, sentimental gestures, defensive words or actions, critical or horrifying actions or romantic and religious elements.

9. Protagonist Antagonist ProtagonistAntagonist   a person who is opposed to, struggles against, or competes with another; opponent; adversary.  The main character in a story or work of fiction. The protagonist strives to solve the main conflicts.

10. Symbolism Characterization  Symbolism the representation of something in symbolic form or the attribution of symbolic meaning or character to something Symbolism  Symbolism the representation of something in symbolic form or the attribution of symbolic meaning or character to something Symbolism is the practice or art of using an object or a word to represent an abstract idea. An action, person, place, word, or object can all have a symbolic meaning. When an author wants to suggest a certain mood or emotion, he can also use symbolism to hint at it, rather than just blatantly saying it.   Direct or explicit characterization This kind of characterization takes a direct approach towards building the character. It uses another character, narrator or the protagonist himself to tell the readers or audience about the subject.protagonist   Indirect or implicit characterization This is a more subtle way of introducing the character to the audience. The audience has to deduce for themselves the characteristics of the character by observing his/her thought process, behavior, speech, way of talking, appearance, and way of communication with other characters and also by discerning the response of other characters.

11. Setting Theme/Moral  Setting  Setting the place and conditions in which something happens or exists. The time, place, and conditions in which the action of a book, movie, etc., takes place  Theme   The underlying concept, the central idea, or the topic of a text, story, or novel is referred to as its theme. The theme is rarely stated, and it has to be understood by the reader.   Moral   A moral is a lesson drawn from a story or a novel that may be stated at the end of the story by the author or it may be implicit in the text and has to be deciphered by the reader. There can be several themes in a story, but moral is always singular.

12. Conflict  Internal  Internal Within a character, aspects of his or her personality may struggle for dominance. These aspects may be emotional, intellectual, or moral.  External  External A struggle between two people or opposing forces.  Nature  Nature Character’s struggle against nature. When a character must overcome some natural obstacle or condition, a conflict with nature occurs  Society  Society A struggle against society occurs when a character is at odds with a particular social force or condition produced by society, such as poverty, political revolution, a social convention, or set of values.

13.  Exposition  Exposition is a literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters etc. to the audience or readers. An exposition is typically positioned at the beginning of a novel or a movie because the author wants the readers to be fully aware of the characters in the story.   Rising Action The rising action of a plot is the series of events that build up and create tension and suspense. This tension is a result of the basic conflict that exists and makes the story interesting.  Climatic moment The point at which the conflict comes to a head, or when the reader is unsure of whether or not the character will be able to resolve the conflict. It is the moment at which the action produced by the conflict is at its highest peak.  Falling Action  Falling Action the part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved. The events that help unravel the conflicts and unanswered questions can be solved during the falling action.   Denouement a denouement is the final outcome of the main complication in a play or story. Usually the climax (the turning point or "crisis") of the work has already occurred by the time the denouement occurs. It is sometimes referred to as the explanation or outcome of a drama that reveals all the secrets and misunderstandings connected to the plot Story Plot-line