+ Start of the Industrial Revolution

+ Coal The fuel of the Industrial Revolution Used to power steam engines Cheaper than other materials More efficient than wood Abundant in Northern England & Wales

+ Iron The foundation of the Industrial Revolution Railroads, bridges, buildings, trains, etc. Later replaced by the much stronger steel

+ Steam Engine The machinery of the IR Vastly improved by James Watt Created a power source Heat water with fire Use steam/pressure to drive pistons Creates energy No longer needed to near moving water (rivers/water wheel)

+ The Factory

+ With the inventions of new machines like the spinning jenny, people could no longer make things in their houses. Why?

+ The Factory Located on rivers Specialization of labor Standardization of products Regular hours and work shifts (Effect of the lightbulb?) Dangerous working conditions Child labor

+ Effects of Industrialization Urbanization – the building of cities and people moving to them New way of life: 1. Poor living conditions 2. Harsh working conditions 3. Emerging middle class

+ Poor Living Conditions No building or sanitary codes Families crowded into one bedroom (tenements) Streets had no drains and collected heaps of garbage Widespread sickness (Urban: 17, Rural: 38)

+ Poor Working Conditions Worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week Repetitive and boring work (specialization) Very dangerous (especially the coal mines!) Fined or fired for infractions Child labor

+ Scavengers The youngest children in the textile factories. Had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. Extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working.

+ Working Hours Children as young as 6 worked hard hours for little or no pay. Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one- hour total break.

+ A union is an organized group of workers who collectively use their strength to have a voice in their workplace. Through a union, workers have a right to impact wages, work hours, benefits, workplace health and safety, job training and other work-related issues. The Rise of Unions

+ Began as trade clubs only for skilled workers. They could strike for higher wages. Unions became legal in England in They were based on trade (carpenters, blacksmiths, etc.) Striking was legalized in England in 1870 Unions included skilled and unskilled workers

+ Rise of Unions Strength in numbers Security Governments rarely support unions Picketing was illegal Employers used threats and force BenefitsChallenges

+ Unionization Collective bargaining – negotiations between workers and their employers. Usually bargain for better working conditions and higher pay If demands aren’t met, workers could strike (refuse to work)

+ Reform Laws Factory Act of 1833: Illegal to hire children under the age of 9 Children between 9-12 could not work for more than 8 hours a day Children between could not work for more than 12 hours a day Mines Act of 1842: Women and children couldn’t work underground Ten Hours Act of 1847: limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories