Chap 11 Day 1 – Mediterranean Phase- Aim: How did the Roman Republic develop? Do NOW: Pair/Share – 1) How was the Roman Constitution organized? 2) Why was it organized this way? “As for the Roman constitution it had three elements, each of them possessing sovereign powers: and their respective share of power in the whole state had been regulated with such a scrupulous regard to equality and equilibrium, that no one could say for certain, not even a native, whether the constitution as a whole were an aristocracy or democracy or despotism. And no wonder: for if we confine our observation to the power of the Consuls we should be inclined to regard it as despotic; if on that of the Senate, as aristocratic; and if finally one looks at the power possessed by the people it would seem a clear case of democracy.” -On the Roman Constitution, Polybius

Legend of Romulus and Remus – Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants ca B.C.E. Bronze ca B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E. The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Po River valley to Naples region Society declines late sixth century B.C.E. – Greek maritime attacks – Celtic invasions from north The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E. – Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes

Establishment of Republic 509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: two consuls Senate Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict, fifth century B.C.E. Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through third century B.C.E. Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis

Expansion of Republic – Why was it successful? (PERSIAN?) Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry fifth to fourth century B.C.E. Expansion via military threat and incentives – Tax exemptions – Trade privileges – Citizenship

The Punic Wars- Why? Conflict with Carthage, B.C.E. Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E.

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution – Perennial problem – Development of large plantations, latifundia – Unfair competition for smaller landholders The Gracchi Brothers - Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Tiberius assassinated; Gaius executed Development of private armies made up of landless peasants – Gaius Marius (with reformers) – Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

Civil War 87 B.C.E., Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out, 83 B.C.E. Reign of terror follows Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror – Relatively young, well- timed trip abroad Rises in popularity – Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 B.C.E. Names self dictator for life in 46 B.C.E.

Summary PAIR/SHARE How did one Mediterranean empire (Rome) develop and administer its holdings? Why did the republic deteriorate?