1. Rome Republic to Empire Christianity Legacy

2. Why study Rome? Built a civilization and empire that lasted nearly 1000 years Spread a common Latin language that was the precursor to the “Romance Languages”: Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French, Romanian Built an empire remembered for certain values and virtues that have influenced numerous other empires and nations in Europe Created one of the most famous examples of a republic and was a model for the United States’ form of government Has much in common with United States- a republic, struggles with immigration and expansion, slavery, civil war, etc.

3. What we will study… Roman Republic- Compare and contrast with America’s version of a Republic Identify what we have gained and where improvements have been made Roman Citizenship What it required and who could be a citizen. Roman immigrants What did Rome think of immigrants and how did they deal with them? What is similar and dissimilar to immigration to the United States Fall of Rome How and why does an empire “fall”?

5. The Beginning ~1000 BC Indo-European speakers migrate and settle in Italy Greeks colonized South and Etruscan kingdom expands and conquers small village of Rome Etruscan kings rule Rome for centuries

6. Rome Etruscan kings rule Rome for centuries Romans eventually rebel against their rule and establish one of the first and most famous republics in history Roman legend writes of the Rape of Lucretia Republic is a government with non-hereditary and typically elected leaders, often with some democracy (citizen voting) involved Powers in a republic are often split between two or more branches of government that check (limit) and balance each others power

7. Homework- Section Outline Outline “The Roman Republic: War and Conquest” pp. 151 as a class Outline 152-154 as homework

8. Rape of Lucretia Summarize the story. What can this story teach us about Roman values?

9. War and Conquest Rome the city, conquered its neighbors over several centuries The Etruscans, Greek colonies and other Latin tribes Roman Confederation Rome gave citizenship to some conquered people Others made allies and left alone to rule themselves but were required to provide soldiers for the army Loyalty of a community could be rewarded with citizenship- people cared about Rome’s success!

10. Roman Republic- Social Class Two distinct social classes in Rome Patricians and Plebeians Patricians (Wealthy/ Nobility) Wealthy land owners Rome's ruling class Could not marry Plebeians Only patricians could be elected to government office Plebeians (Middle and lower class commoners) Less wealthy land owners, craftspeople, merchants and small farmers Were citizens and could vote, but not hold office Could not marry Patricians

11. Roman Republic The Republic divided the powers of government between 3 branches – like the USA does. (WHY?) Executive- Two consuls Run the government and lead the armies in war “Dictator”- consul could be given much more power in times of threat Praetors- in charge of civil law ( like judges) Law as it applied to Romans Other officials that helped the consuls – people to run the treasury, etc. Like President of USA (Commander in Chief, Treasury, Cabinet)

12. Roman Republic Roman Senate Legislative Branch ~300 men of the patrician class (rich) (100) Served for life (USA 6/yr terms) Passed and wrote laws Nominated Executive branch Controlled the money Oversaw many criminal cases Similar to Senate, Electoral college, supreme court

13. Democratic Assemblies Centuriate Assembly and Counsel of Plebs Legislative One of several assemblies for the plebeians Eventually received right to pass laws for all Roman citizens Declared war and peace Handled death penalty cases Elected/voted on Executive branch members USA can elect Senators through direct voting Can vote on certain laws directly Women of the USA can vote and hold office

14. Roman Citizenship What is a citizen? Discuss with a partner. Read short essay in “Citizenship in Athens and Rome: Which Was the Better System?” On your own, change your definition of citizen.

15. Citizenship Who can be or is a citizen? Born to Roman parents in Roman lands multi-ethnic multi-religious Required military service Women only given partial citizenship (no vote, no office) Non-native Romans only given partial citizenship

16. Citizenship- Rights and Duties Roman Republic The right to vote in the assemblies and hold office The right to birthright citizenship for children The right to sue in court and have a legal trial and appeal The right to be tried in court in Rome Duties: Military service, taxes, obey the law United States of America The right to vote and hold office Transmission of citizenship to children born abroad and birthright citizenship The right to sue in court and have a legal trial and appeal The right to not be deported. Duties: Possible draft, taxes, jury duty, obey the law… what else?

17. Homework Outline pp. 156-158 Reading Quiz tomorrow!

18. Republic to Empire Wars and expansion made Rome rich The wealth did get equally distributed Lower classes don’t benefit Political problems Roman constitution made for a small republic Roman leaders begin “centralizing” power to help run empire

19. Domestic Problems Conquered lands – the benefits of war – went mostly to wealthy elites These men created “latifundia”- huge plantation farms Latifundia worked by slaves Small scale, plebeian farmers could not compete and often had to sell their lands to wealthy neighbors and work for them or move to the city, unemployed

20. Republic to Empire The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius wanted to limit the land that any individual could hold Whoevers lands exceeded the limit, would lose the extra land to the Empire, who would redistribute it to small farmers (plebeians) Wealthy Romans and Senators opposed them – why?? Both brothers are killed Showed the need for reform Power was in the hands of a few that cared more for their gain than what was best for the empire

21. Republic to Empire Marius – general and consul – reformed the military Soldiers would be recruited by generals- not the empire Swore loyalty to generals- not the empire Army was no longer small scale roman farmers, but the landless, poor that had moved to the cities Their need to stay in the army and get land from their general made the men extremely loyal – to the generals! Generals got involved in politics to get land for their veterans Good for the landless poor… bad for the empire?

22. Civil War A civil war fought between the two consuls, Marius and Sulla, broke out Each tried to get more power, respect and authority from the senate Each marched an army into Rome The result was a stronger senate and weaker plebeians It also set the precedent of generals marching on Rome when they felt justified Later Julius Caesar marched on Rome and created the Empire