Plantae

What is a Plant Plants come in many different forms  Cactus  Water plants  Redwood trees  Venus Fly Traps So what is the connecting pieces that make them all plants? Plantae

Plant Characteristics All plants have 4 things in common  Photosynthesis  Cuticles  Cell Walls  Reproduction Plantae

Photosynthesis  All plants produce their own food from sunlight  They produce a sugar called “glucose”  This happens in the Chloroplast Plantae

Photosynthesis  Chloroplasts use pigments to absorb the sun’s light  This light is used for energy to drive the photosynthesis Plantae  The ingredients that plants need to make glucose are  Water (H 2 O) and Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  The waste after it is over is Oxygen (O 2 )

Cuticles  A cuticle is a waxy layer on the outside of plant parts that are exposed to air  Plants need water for Photosynthesis in addition to other life processes.  Aquatic plants have so much water outside of them that Diffusion brings more in, so they have to worry about extra water Plantae

Cell Walls  Since plants make their own food using photosynthesis, so they do not need to move  Also plants store large amounts of food particles in them, so they need to protect themselves  Cell walls provide good protection Plantae

Cell Walls  Since plants make their own food using photosynthesis so they do not need to move  Also plants store large amounts of food particles in them, so they need to protect themselves  Cell walls provide good protection Plantae

Cell Walls  In addition to protection cell walls provide a lot of support  This lets plants get very large  Some plants also grow a secondary cell wall, for more strength, however once this happens the cells cannot grow any larger Plantae

Reproduction Plants have two stages in their life cycle  Sporophyte – plant produces spores that when in the right condition grow into Gametophytes  Gametophyte – Female gametophytes produce eggs male gametophytes produce sperm, once an egg is fertilized it grows into a Sporophyte Plantae

Plant Classification Plants are divided into two main groups  Nonvascular – Plant that does not have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through it (like our blood vessels)  Vascular – Plant that does have tissue to move materials, so it is not limited to diffusion, can grow to almost any size. Plantae

Plants and seeds  Not all plants produce seeds  Nonvascular plants do not produce seeds  One group of Vascular plants do not produce seeds, They are referred to as “Seedless Vascular Plants” Plantae

Nonvascular Plants Examples  Mosses Plantae

Nonvascular Plants Examples  Mosses  Liverworts Plantae

Nonvascular Plants Examples  Mosses  Liverworts  Hornworts Plantae

Nonvascular Plants Often called Pioneer Species  First to enter a new environment  Need a lot of moisture in area  When they die they form the first soil in an area  Their “roots” are very short and called rhizoid Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants Examples  Ferns Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants Examples  Ferns  Horsetails Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants Examples  Ferns  Horsetails  Club Mosses Plantae

Seedless Vascular Plants  Have a rhizome which is an underground stem  Large leafy version is the sporophyte, spores grow into short flat plants (shaped like hearts with ferns)  Often kept as houseplants  Huge forests in prehistoric time have now been turned into coal Plantae

Seeds and Vascular Plants Divided into two main groups  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms However in both cases the seeds work the same way Plantae

Seed Plants  Seeds are used to nourish and protect young Sporophytes  Gametophytes do not live independently but are formed within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte  The sperm is not dependant on water to move like in seedless plants but is instead transported in a tiny structure  POLLEN Plantae

Seed Structure Seeds have three parts  Young Plant  Stored food  Seed Coat Plantae

Gymnosperms Plants that have cones, no flowers or fruit  4 groups: Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgoes & Gnetophytes  Cones contain Gametophytes  When pollen fertilizes an egg called Pollination  Fertilized eggs grow into a seed  Animals want to eat the seed so they take it and disperse them Plantae

Gymnosperm Advantages of Animal seed dispersion  More efficient dispersion pattern  Farther distances  More fertile areas selected (Animals choose “good” areas to live) Plantae

Angiosperm Flowering plants  Most successful type of plant  Use flowers to lure organisms (pollinators) to the pollen to carry it from plant to plant  Some use fruit to surround their seeds  Organisms eat the fruit and discard the seeds  Large dispersion area  Some fruit like burrs aren’t eaten but stick to something else Plantae

Angiosperm Two classes of Angiosperm  Monocots  Dicots Based on the number of “cotyledons” or seed leaves Plantae

Angiosperm Plantae

Angiosperm Plantae

Variety of plants Plantae