1. Chapter 6 Introduction to Plants Section 1 What Is a Plant?What Is a Plant? Section 2 Seedless PlantsSeedless Plants Section 3 Seed PlantsSeed Plants Section 4 Structures of Seed PlantsStructures of Seed Plants Preview Concept Mapping

2. Chapter 6 Section 1 What Is a Plant? Bellringer There are four major types of plants. Try to identify all four types, and give at least two examples for each one. Do all four types of plants grow near your home? Where will you most likely find each type of plant? Write your responses in your science journal.

3. Chapter 6 Identify four characteristics that all plants share. Describe the four main groups of plants. Explain the origin of plants. Objectives Section 1 What Is a Plant?

4. Chapter 6 Plant Characteristics Photosynthesis Plants use energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water. This process is called photosynthesis. Cuticles A cuticle is a waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants that are exposed to air. Section 1 What Is a Plant?

5. Chapter 6 Plant Characteristics, continued Cell Walls Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Reproduction Plants have two stages in their life cycle — the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage. Section 1 What Is a Plant?

6. Chapter 6 Section 1 What Is a Plant?

7. Chapter 6 Plant Classification Nonvascular Plants A nonvascular plant is a plant that doesn’t have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plant. Vascular Plants A plant that has tissues to deliver water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another is called a vascular plants. Section 1 What Is a Plant?

8. Chapter 6 Section 1 What Is a Plant?

9. Chapter 6 The Origin of Plants Plants Are Cousins of Green Algae Because they exhibit many similarities, scientists think that green algae and plants share a common ancestor. Section 1 What Is a Plant?

10. Chapter 6 Section 2 Seedless Plants Bellringer If plants can make their own food, why do people add fertilizer to soil? What happens when you plant crops in the same field over and over again? Does fertilizer ever stop working? Write your answers in your science journal.

11. Chapter 6 List three nonvascular plants and three seedless vascular plants. Explain how seedless plants are important to the environment. Describe the relationship between seedless vascular plants and coal. Objectives Section 2 Seedless Plants

12. Chapter 6 Nonvascular Plants Mosses Mosses often live together in large groups. They cover soil or rocks with a mat of tiny green plants. Mosses have leafy stalks and rhizoids. A rhizoid is a rootlike structure that holds the plants in place and helps plants get water and nutrients. Section 2 Seedless Plants

13. Chapter 6 Nonvascular Plants, continued Ferns Ferns grow in many places, from the cold arctic to humid tropical forests. Most ferns have a rhizome. A rhizome is a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots. Section 2 Seedless Plants

14. Chapter 6 Nonvascular Plants, continued Liverworts and Hornworts Like mosses, liverworts and hornworts are usually small, nonvascular plants that usually live in damp places. The Importance of Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants are usually the first plants to live in a new environment, such as newly exposed rock. When these nonvascular plants die, they form a thin layer of soil. Section 2 Seedless Plants

15. Chapter 6 Section 2 Seedless Plants

16. Chapter 6 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued The Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses help form soil. They also help prevent soil erosion. Some ferns and horsetails can be eaten. Horsetails are used in dietary supplements, shampoos, and skin-care products. Section 2 Seedless Plants

17. Chapter 6 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued The remains of ferns, horsetails, and club mosses that lived and died 300 million years ago formed coal. Humans rely on coal for energy. Section 2 Seedless Plants

18. Chapter 6 Section 3 Seed Plants Bellringer Since plants cannot get up and walk around to disperse their seeds, what kinds of strategies do plants employ to spread their seeds? How do some plants protect their seeds from being destroyed or eaten? Explain your answer in your science journal.

19. Chapter 6 Describe three ways that seed plants differ from seedless plants. Describe the structure of seeds. Compare angiosperms and gymnosperms. Explain the economic and environmental importance of gymnosperms and angiosperms.. Objectives Section 3 Seed Plants

20. Chapter 6 Characteristics of Seed Plants Seed plants differ from seedless plants in the following ways: Seed plants produce seeds. The gametophytes of seed plants do not live independently of the sporophyte. For sexual reproduction, the sperm of seed plants do not need water to reach an egg. Section 3 Seed Plants

21. Chapter 6 The Structure of Seeds A seed is made up of three parts. The first part is a young plant, or the sporophyte. The second part is stored food. Finally, a seed coat surrounds and protects the young plant. Section 3 Seed Plants

22. Chapter 6 The Structure of a Seed Section 3 Seed Plants

23. Chapter 6 Gymnosperms, continued The Importance of Gymnosperms Conifers are the most economically important gymnosperms. People use conifer wood for building materials and paper products. Resin, a sticky fluid produced by pine trees, is used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink. Section 3 Seed Plants

24. Chapter 6 Gymnosperms, continued Gymnosperm Life Cycle Sperm from pollen in the male cone fertilize the eggs of the female cone. A fertilized egg develops into a young sporophyte within the female cone. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female structures of seed plants. Section 3 Seed Plants

25. Chapter 6 Section 3 Seed Plants

26. Chapter 6 Angiosperms Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce flowers and fruit. Angiosperm Reproduction Flowers help angiosperms reproduce. Flowers attract animals that help spread pollen. Fruits surround and protect the seeds.These fruits help angiosperms distribute their seeds. Section 3 Seed Plants

27. Chapter 6 Angiosperms, continued Two Kinds of Angiosperms Angiosperms are divided into two classes— monocots and dicots. The next slide shows the two kinds of angiosperms. Section 3 Seed Plants

28. Chapter 6 Section 3 Seed Plants

29. Chapter 6 Angiosperms, continued The Importance of Angiosperms Flowering plants provide many land animals with the food they need to survive. People use flowering plants in many ways. Major food crops, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are flowering plants. Flowering plants are used to make cloth fibers, rope, medicines, rubber, perfume oil, and building materials. Section 3 Seed Plants

30. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants Bellringer In your science journal, draw a cactus. Point out the spines, and explain their purpose. Are there other plants besides cacti that have spines, or spine-like structures? What other means do plants use to protect themselves? Write down your answers in your science journal.

31. Chapter 6 List three functions of roots and three functions of stems. Describe the structure of a leaf. Identify the parts of a flower and their functions. Objectives Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

32. Chapter 6 There are two types of vascular tissue in plants: Xylem is the type of tissue in vascular plants that provides support and conducts water and nutrients from the roots. Phloem is the tissue that conducts food in vascular plants. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants Characteristics of Seed Plants

33. Chapter 6 Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

34. Chapter 6 Roots Root Functions The following are the main functions of roots: Roots supply plants with water and dissolved minerals. Roots hold plants securely in the soil. Roots store surplus food made during photosynthesis Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

35. Chapter 6 Roots, continued Root Structure The layers of cells that cover the surface of the roots is called the epidermis. After water and minerals are absorbed by the epidermis, they diffuse into the center of the root where the vascular tissue is located. A root cap can be found at the end of the root. The root cap protects the tip and helps the root continue to grow. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

36. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

37. Chapter 6 Roots, continued Root Systems There are two kinds of root systems— taproot systems and fibrous root systems. Taproot systems have a main root, or tap root, that grows downward. Dicots and gymnosperms usually have tap root systems. Fibrous systems have several roots that spread out from the base of the stem. Monocots usually have fibrous root systems. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

38. Chapter 6 Stems Stem Functions A stem connects a plant’s roots to its leaves and flowers. A stem also has the following functions: Stems support the plant body. Stems transport materials between the root system and the shoot system. Some stems store materials. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

39. Chapter 6 Stems, continued Herbaceous Stem Many plants have stems that are soft, thin, and flexible. These stems are called herbaceous stems. A cross section of an herbaceous stem is shown on the next slide. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

40. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

41. Chapter 6 Stems, continued Woody Stems Trees and shrubs have rigid stems made of wood and bark. These stems are called woody stems. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

42. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

43. Chapter 6 Leaves Leaf Functions The main function of leaves is to make food for the plant. Leaf Structure The structure of leaves, shown on the next slide, is related to their main function— photosynthesis. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

44. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

45. Chapter 6 Leaves, continued Leaf Adaptations Some leaves have functions other than photosynthesis. The leaves of many cactuses are modified as spines. These spines keep animals from eating the cactuses. The leaves of sundews are modified to catch insects, which the sundew digests. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

46. Chapter 6 Flowers Flowers are adaptations for sexual reproduction. Sepals and Petals The modified leaves that make up the outermost ring of flower parts and protect the bud are called sepals. Petals are broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

47. Chapter 6 Flowers, continued Stamens and Pistils The male reproductive structure of a flower is called a stamen. A pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

48. Chapter 6 Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

49. Chapter 6 Flowers, continued The Importance of Flowers Flowers help plants reproduce. Humans use flowers for arrangement. Flowers are also used to make spices, perfumes, and lotions. Broccoli, cauliflower, and artichokes are flowers that people eat. Chamomile and hibiscus flowers are used to make tea. Section 4 Structures of Seed Plants

50. Chapter 6 Concept Mapping Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. angiospermspollen vasculargametophyte plantsxylem sporophytenonvascular Introduction to Plants

51. Chapter 6 Introduction to Plants

52. Chapter 6 Introduction to Plants