The Reformation

Late Medieval Religion The Late Medieval Church and Spirituality The Late Medieval Church and Spirituality Reputation for corruption Reputation for corruption Bad “isms”… Bad “isms”… “Worldly” popes and clergy “Worldly” popes and clergy “Ignorance” “Ignorance” Yet thriving! Yet thriving! Mysticism Mysticism Lay devotion Lay devotion

Late Medieval Religion Salvation and Authority Salvation and Authority Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Salvation something to “achieve” through “good works” Authority Authority Sacred Scripture Sacred Scripture Tradition of the Church Tradition of the Church Popes and councils Popes and councils

Late Medieval Religion Indulgences Indulgences Began as monetary gifts Began as monetary gifts Became means of relaxing penance Became means of relaxing penance “Treasury of Merits” “Treasury of Merits” Pope can distribute merit to Christians by indulgences Pope can distribute merit to Christians by indulgences Can lessen time in Purgatory! Can lessen time in Purgatory! Indulgence preaching

Late Medieval Religion Construction of ST. PETER’S BASILICA, Rome Construction of ST. PETER’S BASILICA, Rome Indulgence sales  rebuilding process Indulgence sales  rebuilding process

Late Medieval Religion Questions? Questions?

Launching the Reformation Martin Luther ( ) Martin Luther ( ) From Saxony, HRE From Saxony, HRE “Lightning storm”  joined Augustinian Order (1505) “Lightning storm”  joined Augustinian Order (1505) Tortured soul in monastery Tortured soul in monastery Sent to Wittenberg Sent to Wittenberg Earned doctorate in theology Earned doctorate in theology Popular professor, preacher Popular professor, preacher Studied Bible in depth Studied Bible in depth

Launching the Reformation Luther’s New Beliefs Luther’s New Beliefs God is righteous, but gracious God is righteous, but gracious Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it Humanity does not deserve grace, but is “given” it “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17) “The righteous man shall live by faith” (Romans 1:17)

Launching the Reformation The Indulgence Controversy The Indulgence Controversy Luther aware of indulgence preachers Luther aware of indulgence preachers Penned Ninety-five Theses (1517) Penned Ninety-five Theses (1517) Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Attacked “abuses” in indulgence sales Nailed to Castle Church Door? Nailed to Castle Church Door? Document  very popular, controversial Document  very popular, controversial

Launching the Reformation Luther the Rebel Luther the Rebel Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Papal bull drafted (1520): either recant or be excommunicated! Luther’s Revolutionary Ideas Luther’s Revolutionary Ideas SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA SCRIPTURA (“Scripture alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) SOLA FIDE (“by faith alone”) “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” “PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS” Two sacraments Two sacraments

Launching the Reformation The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) The Diet of Worms (April 17-18, 1521) Church and emperor wanted resolution! Church and emperor wanted resolution! Luther given safe conduct Luther given safe conduct Asked to recant  “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…” Asked to recant  “Unless I am convinced by Scripture…”

Launching the Reformation Questions? Questions?

Reformation Elsewhere John Calvin ( ) John Calvin ( ) Major Reformed leader Major Reformed leader Based in Geneva Based in Geneva INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559) INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION (1559) Major Teachings Major Teachings Majesty of God Majesty of God Depravity of humanity Depravity of humanity Centrality of faith and the Word Centrality of faith and the Word Predestination Predestination

Reformation Elsewhere Geneva under Calvin Geneva under Calvin Had to work with city government Had to work with city government Service of preaching, prayer, singing Service of preaching, prayer, singing Discipline was strictly enforced Discipline was strictly enforced No “immorality” No “immorality” “You can do anything you want in Geneva as long as you don’t enjoy it.” “You can do anything you want in Geneva as long as you don’t enjoy it.” Many resented Calvin Many resented Calvin Relief was provided to poor Relief was provided to poor

Reformation Elsewhere

The Anabaptists The Anabaptists Beliefs Beliefs Believer’s Baptism Believer’s Baptism Hands off for state! Hands off for state! Pacifism Pacifism Outside mainstream of church and society Outside mainstream of church and society Perceived as threat  persecuted Perceived as threat  persecuted

Reformation Elsewhere

The English Reformation The English Reformation King Henry VIII (r ) King Henry VIII (r ) Renaissance prince Renaissance prince Loyal Catholic Loyal Catholic Henry and Catherine of Aragon Henry and Catherine of Aragon Married (1509)  happy marriage Married (1509)  happy marriage But no surviving male heirs! But no surviving male heirs! The “Great Matter” The “Great Matter” Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Henry wanted a divorce (1527) Pope would not grant it Pope would not grant it Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

Reformation Elsewhere A Legal Reformation A Legal Reformation Parliament was on board Parliament was on board English ties to Rome severed in 1533 English ties to Rome severed in 1533 The Divorce and Marriage The Divorce and Marriage Marriage to Catherine was dissolved Marriage to Catherine was dissolved Henry and Anne were married (June 1533) Henry and Anne were married (June 1533) One daughter: Elizabeth One daughter: Elizabeth ACT OF SUPREMACY ACT OF SUPREMACY Henry VIII was declared “Supreme Head of the Church of England” Henry VIII was declared “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

Reformation Elsewhere Elizabeth I (r ) Elizabeth I (r ) Succeeded to throne after brother and sister Succeeded to throne after brother and sister Edward VI (r ) Edward VI (r ) Mary I (r ) Mary I (r ) Sympathetic to Protestantism Sympathetic to Protestantism Religious question must be dealt with! Religious question must be dealt with! Best method: compromise Best method: compromise Goal  “centrist Protestant” Goal  “centrist Protestant”

Reformation Elsewhere The Elizabethan Religious Settlement The Elizabethan Religious Settlement Act of Supremacy (1559) Act of Supremacy (1559) Elizabeth  “supreme governor” of realm and Church Elizabeth  “supreme governor” of realm and Church Traits of Church Traits of Church Centrist Protestant Centrist Protestant Protestant doctrine Protestant doctrine Traditional in celebration, organization Traditional in celebration, organization Book of Common Prayer Book of Common Prayer Still did not please everyone… Still did not please everyone…

Reformation Elsewhere Questions? Questions?

Early Modern Catholicism The Response of the Roman Church The Response of the Roman Church Protestant Reformation  major loss to Church Protestant Reformation  major loss to Church What next? What next? Church had to reform itself Church had to reform itself Church had to respond to Protestant “heretics” Church had to respond to Protestant “heretics”

Early Modern Catholicism The Capuchins The Capuchins Reformed branch of Franciscan Order Reformed branch of Franciscan Order Embraced absolute poverty Embraced absolute poverty Duties of Capuchins Duties of Capuchins Preachers Preachers Missionaries Missionaries Chaplains Chaplains Lorenzo da Brindisi at the Battle of Székesfehérvár (1601)

Early Modern Catholicism

The Society of Jesus The Society of Jesus Founder: Ignatius of Loyola ( ) Founder: Ignatius of Loyola ( ) Most influential new order Most influential new order Duties of Jesuits Duties of Jesuits Offered services to papacy Offered services to papacy Missionaries Missionaries Educators Educators Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits before Pope Paul III

Early Modern Catholicism

Papal Leadership in Reform Papal Leadership in Reform Some “holy” popes Some “holy” popes Roman Inquisition (1542) Roman Inquisition (1542) INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559) INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS (1559)

Early Modern Catholicism Council of Trent ( ) Council of Trent ( ) Reform Reform Reformed clergy, religious orders Reformed clergy, religious orders Diocesan seminaries Diocesan seminaries Doctrine Doctrine SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION SCRIPTURE AND TRADITION Seven sacraments Seven sacraments Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Justification BY FAITH AND WORKS Bishops expected to implement in dioceses Bishops expected to implement in dioceses

Early Modern Catholicism St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City (consecrated 1626) Bernini, St. Peter’s Square ( )

Early Modern Catholicism Questions? Questions?

The Reformation

What made Protestants different from Catholics? What made Protestants different from Catholics? What were some of the differences among Protestants? What were some of the differences among Protestants? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformations today? Do we still see aftereffects of the Reformations today?