1. The Protestant Reformation
On the eve of and during the Reformation, common people were concerned with salvation. They fasted, went on pilgrimages, attended mass, bought indulgences. The question of salvation was large in their lives.

2. The Reformation I. Causes of the Reformation
II. Martin Luther Challenges the Church
III. England Becomes Protestant
IV. Protestant Splits Occur
V. The Catholic Reformation

3. I. Causes of the Reformation

4. I. Causes of the Reformation
Problems in the Catholic Church include: Popes spent extravagantly on arts and fought wars. Many priests and monks could barely read, let alone teach people. Others broke their vows by marrying, gambling, or drinking to excess.
Fourteenth-century English theologian John Wycliffe sponsored the first complete translation of the Bible into English. Trained in the scholasticism of the medieval Roman Catholic church, Wycliffe became disillusioned with ecclesiastical abuses and undertook the task of making the Christian Scriptures generally available to lay people. His teachings were propagated by itinerant evangelists called the Poor Preachers. Wycliffe's writings later inspired such leaders of the Protestant Reformation as John Hus and Martin Luther.
"John Wycliffe," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

5. I. Causes of the Reformation
Collections of relics grew more popular as a means to salvation.
According to church practice at that time, through veneration of a relic, a person could gain an indulgence – a release from all or part of the punishment for sin.

6. II. Martin Luther Challenges the Church

7. II. Luther Challenges the Church
In 1517, Martin Luther took a stand against the church selling indulgences.
An indulgence was a pardon for a sin.
He wrote the “95 Theses”, or formal statements, attacking this practice.
German theologian and religious reformer Martin Luther precipitated the Protestant Reformation with his publication in 1517 of his Ninety-Five Theses, which detailed the indulgences and excesses of the Roman Catholic church. Luther felt that the essence of Christianity lay not in an elaborate organization headed by the pope, but in each person’s direct communication with God. Luther’s protest set off a flood of departures from the Roman Catholic church and set the stage for further Protestant movements, including Calvinism and Presbyterianism.
"Martin Luther," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

8. II. Luther Challenges the Church
He posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in Saxony, Germany.
His actions begin the Reformation, a movement for religious reform.

9. II. Luther Challenges the Church
His teachings rest of 3 main ideas.
People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness.
All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible.
All people with faith were equal.

10. II. Luther Challenges the Church
In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V declared Luther an outlaw and heretic.
Luther and his followers become a separate religious group, called Lutherans.

11. II. Luther Challenges the Church
1529, German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther's ideas.
Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement. They became known as Protestants.
Emperor Charles V went to war.

12. II. Luther Challenges the Church
Eventually, the term Protestant was applied to all Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.
Even though Charles V defeated them, he failed to force them back into the Catholic Church.

13. III. England Becomes Protestant

14. III. England Becomes Protestant
When Henry VIII became king of England, he was a devout Catholic
He wanted a male heir.
He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had one living child-a daughter, Mary.

15. III. England Becomes Protestant
He wanted to divorce his 42 year-old wife for a younger queen.
In 1527, he asked the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turned him down.
In 1529, he asks Parliament to end the pope's power in England.
In 1534, the Act of Supremacy makes the English king, not the pope, the head of the Church of England.

16. III. England Becomes Protestant
Henry marries Anne Boleyn, who was in her twenties.
She gives birth to a girl.
He imprisons her in the Tower of London and later beheads her.
Henry marries four more times. His third wife gave him a son named Edward.
Anne Boleyn was the second and most famous wife of King Henry VIII. Anne married Henry after the Church of England annulled his first marriage to Catherine of Aragón. Anne Boleyn failed to provide the male heir Henry so desperately wanted, but the princess she bore became Queen Elizabeth I.
"Anne Boleyn," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

17. III. England Becomes Protestant
After his death in 1547, each of his three children eventually ruled.
Edward VI became king at age nine and only ruled for six years.
Mary ruled next returning the English Church to the rule of the pope.
Elizabeth I inherited the throne in 1558 and returned her kingdom to Protestantism.

18. III. England Becomes Protestant
Elizabeth I reign was a time of great prosperity and achievement.
She was the declared the head of the Church of England, or the Anglican Church.
In 1588, she defeated an invasion by the Spanish Armada, the most powerful navy in the world.
Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn, ruled England from 1558 to 1603 during what is known as the Elizabethan Age. Elizabeth’s reign was a time of great prosperity and achievement, and her court was a center for poets, writers, musicians, and scholars.
"Elizabeth I," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 99. © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

19. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
As Christians began to interpret the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed over differences in belief.

20. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
John Calvin grew up to have as much influence on Protestants as Luther did.
He created a doctrine known as predestination.
The religion based on Calvin's teachings is called Calvinism.

21. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
The Theology of Predestination:
Men and women are sinful by nature.
God chooses a very few people to save.
These few are "the elect”.
God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved.

22. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
John Knox put Calvin's ideas to work in Scotland.
Each church was governed by a small group of laymen called elders or presbyters.
Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians.

23. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
Another group believed that only adults could decide to be baptized.
Those baptized as children should be re-baptized as adults.
These believers were called Anabaptists.

24. IV. Protestant Splits Occur
Anabaptists refused to fight in wars and shared their possessions.
Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them.
They became the forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish.

25. V. The Catholic Reformation

26. V. The Catholic Reformation
While Protestant churches won many followers, millions stayed true to the Catholic Church.
This was helped by a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself, known as the Catholic Reformation.
In 1545, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent.

27. V. The Catholic Reformation
Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
The church’s interpretation of the Bible was final.
Christians need faith and good works for salvation.
The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities.

28. The Legacy of the Reformation
Protestant churches flourished.
Religion no longer united Europe.
Individual monarchs and states gained power.
The Reformation helped to set the stage for the modern world.