1. 12 The Reformation Religious Change: Reformation
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
At the end of this chapter you should understand ...
The causes (or reasons) for the Reformation.
The role of Martin Luther.
The role of John Calvin.
How the Reformation began and progressed in England and Ireland.
The Counter-Reformation.
The Results of the Reformation.

2. How do we know about the Reformation?
Sermons, letters, hymns, books and the 95 Theses by Martin Luther
The writings of John Calvin
The records of the Catholic Church
The Book of Common Prayer in England
The churches and ruins of the time

3. What caused the Reformation?
The printing press
The Wealth of the Church
What
caused the Reformation?
The power of kings and princes
The Influence of the Renaissance
Nepotism
Abuses in the Catholic Church
Pluralism
Simony
Absenteeism
Bad organisation

4. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
Augustinian Order
Wittenberg University
Worried about salvation
Justification by faith
Tetzel and the sale of indulgences
95 theses

5. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
Support for Luther’s Views
95 Theses printed in German
Germans objected to paying money to Rome
Some of Luther’s 95 Theses
These are three of his theses:
5. The Pope has no power to let people escape the punishments they must endure for their sins.
21. Indulgences do not save people from all punishment.
86. Why doesn’t the Pope, whose riches are enormous, build the Basilica of St Peter with his own money instead of taking it from poor believers?
Did Luther nail the 95 Theses to the church door at Wittenberg?

6. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
Cardinal Cajetan
The Diet
of Worms
John Eck
Rome responds
Emperor
Charles V
Papal Bull
Excommunication

7. The Life of a Reformer:
Martin Luther
Is this propaganda?

8. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
What happened at the Diet of Worms?

9. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
WHY DID LUTHERANISM SPREAD?
The influence of the printing press, which spread his ideas.
Support of German princes, e.g. Frederick the Wise.
Princes wanted the wealth of German monasteries and bishops.
Charles V was busy with other parts of his huge empire.
Germans did not want to pay extra money to Rome.

10. The Life of a Reformer: Martin Luther
Lutheranism today
Germany divided along religious lines
The Results of Luther’s Reformation
Other reformers inspired
Increased use of vernacular language
Literacy and education spread

11. Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva
The Bible
Predestination
Calvin’s
Beliefs
Sacraments

12. Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva
Pastors
Teachers
Calvin’s Church in Geneva
Deacons
Strict rules
Elders (presbyters)
What are the features of this Calvinist church?

13. Calvin’s Reformation in Geneva
French Huguenots
Education System
Missionaries
John Knox
Spread of Calvin’s Ideas
Reformed Church
Puritans

14. Why was there religious conflict?

15. The Reformation in England
What problem did Henry have?

16. The Reformation in England
Supreme Head
Act of Supremacy
Bible in English
Oath of Supremacy
Henry’s changes
Catholic services
Closure of the Monasteries
Reasons
Effects

17. The Reformation in England The English Reformation Spreads
Edward VI
Mary
Elizabeth
Protestantism
Catholicism
Protestantism
Book of
Common Prayer
Church of England
Results
Monarch Head of Church
Parliament more powerful
Spanish Armada

18. The Reformation in England
Summary of Religious Changes in England and Ireland
HENRY VIII
EDWARD VI
MARY
ELIZABETH
Head of Church
King as head of Church
Pope as head of Church
Queen as head of Church
Church Services
In Latin
In English
Teachings
Mainly Catholic teachings
Protestant teachings
Catholic teachings
Bible
Priests
Could not marry
Could marry
Monasteries
Closed
Why did the kings and queens of England fail to convert Ireland to Protestantism?

19. The Catholic Counter-Reformation
WHAT WAS THE COUNTER-REFORMATION?
The efforts that the Catholic Church made to reform itself
and to stop the spread of Protestantism are called the
Counter-Reformation.
The most important elements of the Counter-Reformation were:
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
THE FOUNDING OF NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS, ESPECIALLY THE JESUITS
THE COURT OF INQUISITION

20. The Catholic Counter-Reformation
Old abuses outlawed
Faith and
good works
Priest could
not marry
Bible and teachings of the Church
Beliefs
Cathechism
Rules
7 Sacraments
Index of
Prohibited Books
Images in churches
What was the Council of Trent?

21. The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Jesuits
Origin of the Jesuits
The Work of the Jesuits
Public preaching
Spiritual exercises
Deeds of charity
Ignatius of Loyola
Spiritual exercises
Schools and colleges
Like an army
Missionaries

22. The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Court of Inquisition
What was the Inquisition?

23. Religious Differences
Summary of Religious differences
CATHOLIC
LUTHERAN
CALVINIST
Finding out about God
The Bible and the teachings of the Church
The Bible
Salvation (going to heaven)
Faith and good works
By faith alone
Predestination
Sacraments
Seven sacraments
Two sacraments – baptism and Eucharist
Clergy
Clergy were specially educated and cannot marry
Any Christian can be a clergyman.
Clergy can marry.
Head of Church
The Pope
Princes and kings
Lay rulers – the elders
Church services
Mass in Latin
In the vernacular

24. Religious Differences
Catholic
NORWAY
Lutheran
Anglican
SWEDEN
SCOTLAND
Calvinist
Boundary of Holy Roman Empire
Religious minority
DENMARK
THE NETHERLANDS
IRELAND
PRUSSIA
ENGLAND
GERMAN PRINCES AND CITIES
POLAND
FRANCE
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
SWITZERLAND
TRANSYLVANIA
PORTUGAL
ITALY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
SPAIN
Rome

25. The Results of the Reformation
Europe divided
Wars of Religion
Education
The Results
of the Reformation
Intolerance and persecution
Art and Architecture
What are the differences between these churches?

26. FOCUS TASK 2 FOCUS TASK 3 Historical Investigation and Analysis
‘Why was the Reformation successful in England but not in Ireland’.
Use your textbook and research on the internet to present your own reasons in answering this question.
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FOCUS TASK 3
Historical Debate
‘Martin Luther was right’.
Use your textbook and research from the internet to present the case, for and against, this motion.