1. Mr. Stowinsky World History
The Reformation
Mr. Stowinsky
World History

2. Luther Leads the Reformation
Causes of the Reformation
The printing press spread secular ideas
Rulers challenged the Church’s political power
Merchants didn’t want to pay taxes to the Church

3. Criticisms of the Church
Many priests married or had children, which is against church teaching
Lower ranking monks were poorly educated
Many clergy drank or gambled

4. Luther Challenges the Church
Indulgence – a pardon, sinners could pay to remove sin
Martin Luther – monk who saw corruption in the Church and wanted to see change
95 theses – list of problems Luther had with the Church
Nailed them to the front door of his church
Rejected the authority of the Pope
Reformation – movement for religious reform

5. Luther’s Teachings
People could only be saved with God’s forgiveness – rejected the selling of indulgences
All Church teachings should be based on the Bible – the Pope and Church traditions were false authorities
All people with faith are equal – priests don’t need to interpret the Bible for them

6. Response to Luther
The Pope saw him as a threat and had him excommunicated
The Holy Roman Emperor declared Luther a traitor and heretic
A new form of Christianity emerged – Lutheran
Protestant – non-Catholic churches
Peace of Augsburg – each German prince would decided if his state was Catholic or Protestant

7. England Become Protestant
King Henry VIII wanted a son to inherit the English throne
His wife, Catherine of Aragon, only had a daughter and could not have any more children
Henry wanted a divorce but the pope would not allow it
Parliament allowed the divorce and made Henry head of the Church in England
Secretly married a younger girl, Anne Boleyn

8. Protestantism in England
Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church
England was now Protestant and broken away from the Catholic Church
Protestantism spread to other parts of Europe

9. Section 4 – The Reformation Continues Calvin Continues the Reformation
John Calvin founded Calvinism
Predestination – God had already chosen who will be saved and who will not
Theocracy – government controlled by religious leaders
Calvinism spread to Scotland and became known as Presbyterian
Spread to France and was called Huguenot

10. Other Protestant Reformers
Anabaptists – believed you should not be baptized until you’re an adult. Church and state should be separate. Refuse to go to war
Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, and Baptists came from them

11. The Catholic Reformation
Catholic Reformation – The Catholic Church’s attempts to fix its problems and fight back at Protestantism
Jesuits – Catholics who founded schools, converted non-Catholics to Catholicism, and tried to stop the spread of Protestantism

12. Reforming popes
Paul III attempted to stop the false selling of indulgences
Council of Trent – 18-year meeting of Catholic bishops and cardinals
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
Christians needed faith and good works for salvation
The Bible and Church were equally powerful authorities
Indulgences were still allowed, but only for appropriate reasons and only by church officials
Pope Paul IV made a list of banned books and had them all gathered up and burned

13. Legacy of the Reformation
Several versions of Christianity
Europe was now culturally and religiously divided
More of an emphasis on education
Cities and nations gained power as the Church lost it
People continued to study and question things